长期定位免耕和施有机肥对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响  

Effects of Long-term No-tillage and Manure on Soil Water and Winter Wheat Yield in Dryland

作　　者：杨娜[1,2] 王珂 席吉龙 姚景珍 张建诚 黄明镜 李永山[2] YANG Na;WANG Ke;XI Ji-long;ZHANG Jian-cheng;HUANG Ming-jing;LI Yong-shan(Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Organic Dry Farming, Institute of Dryland Farming, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China;Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuncheng 044000, Shanxi Province, China)

机构地区：[1]有机旱作山西省重点实验室(山西省农业科学院旱地农业研究中心),太原030031 [2]山西省农业科学院棉花研究所,山西运城044000

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2020年第10期61-65,70,共6页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：有机旱作山西省重点实验室开放基金项目(201805D111015-5);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B03-04)。

摘　　要：为探究免耕和有机肥影响晋南旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的机制,以长期定位免耕和施有机肥试验为依托,于2018-2019年对长期定位免耕和施有机肥对旱地冬小麦土壤贮水量、生育期耗水量、水分利用效率以及产量的影响进行研究。试验设置免耕化肥(NT)、深翻化肥(T)、免耕化肥有机肥(NTM)、深翻化肥有机肥(TM)4个处理。结果表明:免耕化肥(NT)和免耕有机肥化肥(NTM)播前0~100 cm土壤贮水量显著高于深翻化肥(T)39.58和46.56 mm,主要是由于50~100 cm土壤贮水量显著提高;生育期0~100 cm土壤贮水效率表现为NTM>NT>TM>T,前3个处理贮水效率比深翻化肥(T)分别显著提高22、16.06和11.5;0~100 cm土壤贮水消耗量表现为NTM>NT>TM>T,0~50 cm土壤贮水消耗量处理间差异不显著,50~100 cm土壤贮水消耗量NTM和NT显著高于T;产量和水分利用率以免耕化肥(NT)最高,比传统深翻化肥(T)增加26.71和1.66 kg/(hm^2·mm)。因此,免耕能够提高旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,但免耕配施有机肥和化肥需结合降水情况进行合理施用,才能实现高产稳产和水肥高效利用。In order to study the effects of no-tillage and manure on soil water and wheat yield in dryland in southern Shanxi Province,the influence of no-tillage and manure on soil water storage,water consumption,water use efficiency and yield of wheat were studied under long-term experiment.Four treatments including no tillage with fertilizer(NT),deep tillage with fertilizer(T),no tillage with chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer(NTM),deep tillage with chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer(TM)were set up in the experiment.The results showed that:the soil water storage in 0~100 cm soil depth before sowing in NT and NTM treatment were 39.58 and 46.56 mm higher than that of T treatment,because of the significant increase of soil water storage in 50~100 cm soil depth.The soil water storage efficiency were NTM>NT>TM>T in 0~100 cm soil depth during growth period,and the water storage efficiency ratio of the first three treatments was significantly increased by 22%,16.06%and 11.5%,respectively,than that of T treatment.Soil water storage consumption in 0~100 cm soil depth were NTM>NT>TM>T,and there were no significant difference among soil water storage consumption in 0~50 cm soil depth among four treatments,but the consumption of NTM and NT treatment in 50~100 cm soil water storage was significantly higher than that in T treatment.The yield and water use efficiency in NT treatment were 26.71%and 1.66 kg/(hm^2·mm)higher than that of T treatment,respectively.Therefore,no-tillage can improve the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in dry land,but the combination of no-tillage with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer should be applied rationally in combination with precipitation to achieve high and stable yield and efficient utilization of water and fertilizer.

关 键 词：旱地冬小麦 免耕 水分利用效率 有机肥 产量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S152.7