不同施氮量对加工番茄生长及土壤氮素平衡的影响  

Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates on the Growth of Processing Tomato and Nitrogen Balance in Soil

作　　者：景博 牛宁 张文龙 刁明[1] JING Bo;NIU Ning;ZHANG Wenlong;DIAO Ming(College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi Xinjiang 832003, China;Key Laboratory of Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Featured Fruits and Vegetables of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi Xinjiang 832003,China)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院,新疆石河子832003 [2]特色果蔬栽培生理与种质资源利用兵团重点实验室,新疆石河子832003

出　　处：《新疆农业科学》2020年第10期1830-1838,共9页Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家星火计划重点(2015GA891008);石河子大学科研计划(CGZH201803)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同施氮量对加工番茄生长及土壤氮素平衡的影响。【方法】基于临界氮浓度模型的施肥方案,设置不施氮(N0)、施氮200 kg/hm^2(N1)、施氮300 kg/hm^2(N2)和施氮400 kg/hm^2(N3)4个处理,测定加工番茄各生育期的生长、产量和土壤氮素等指标。【结果】(1)在苗期阶段,各处理对加工番茄的生长无显著差异;坐果期后,N2处理较其他处理可有效促进加工番茄的生长。2018年,红熟期N2处理下的加工番茄株高为85.5 cm,显著高于其他处理,同期N2处理下的茎粗为18.40 mm,显著高于N0处理,但与其他施氮处理无显著差异,且2019年有同样变化趋势。(2)各处理土壤硝态氮主要分布在20-40 cm土层中,各土层中硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加;2018年在拉秧期N3处理下的硝态氮含量主要残留在40 cm以下土层中,占总硝态氮含量的54.72%,且2019年有同样趋势,淋洗风险较大;N2处理下的土壤硝态氮分布较均衡,可以有效降低土壤氮素的残留,提高氮肥利用率。(3)土壤剖面中硝态氮盈余量随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势;N0、N1、N2处理下的氮素主要以作物吸收的方式带出土壤,N3处理下的氮素主要残留在土壤中;N1处理可降低氮素在土壤中的残留量,但也降低了氮素的利用率,N2处理有利于提高氮肥表观利用率,降低氮肥表观残留率,N3处理促进了作物对氮素的吸收,但加大了氮素在土壤中的残留,降低了氮素利用率。【结论】在基于加工番茄临界氮浓度模型的氮素运筹方案下,加工番茄苗期阶段,按N1处理施44 kg/hm^2减氮施肥,在开花期以后,施氮按N2处理施234 kg/hm^2的氮运筹可促进植株生长,且土壤氮素残留相对较少,保证了较高的氮肥利用率和经济效益。【Objective】To study the effects of different nitrogen application on growth and soil nitrogen balance of processed tomato.【Methods】Based on the critical nitrogen concentration model,four treatments,no nitrogen(N0),200 kg/hm^2(N1),300 kg/hm^2(N2)and 400 kg/hm^2(N3),were used to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth of processing tomato and the transport and balance of soil nitrogen.【Results】The results showed that:(1)in the seedling stage,there was no significant difference in the growth of processing tomato between the treatments;after fruit setting stage,N2 treatment could effectively promote the growth of processing tomato compared with other treatments.In 2018,the plant height of processing tomato under N2 treatment in red ripening stage was 85.5 cm,significantly higher than th of other treatments.In the same period,the stem diameter under N2 treatment was 18.40 mm,significantly higher than that under N0 treatment,but there was no significant difference with other nitrogen treatment,and the same trend was observed in 2019.(2)The soil nitrate nitrogen of each treatment mainly distributed in 20-40 cm soil layer,and the content of nitrate nitrogen in each soil layer with the increase of nitrogen application amount;in 2018,the nitrate nitrogen content of N3 treatment in seedling pulling period mainly remained in the soil layer below 40 cm,accounting for 54.72%of the total nitrate nitrogen content,and there the same trend in 2019,with a high risk of leaching;the distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen under N2 treatment relatively balanced,which effectively reduce the residual nitrogen in the soil and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen.(3)The surplus of nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile increased with the increase of nitrogen application amount;the nitrogen in N0,N1 and N2 treatment mainly brought out of the soil by the way of crop absorption,and the nitrogen in N3 treatment was mainly left in the soil;N1 treatment could reduce the residual amount of nitrogen in

关 键 词：加工番茄 氮运筹 氮素积累量 土壤硝态氮 土壤氮素平衡 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]