生存需求、政策引导、经济转型与技术革新:明清苏南生态农业的发展动因探析  

Survival Needs,Policy Guidance,Economic Transformation And Technological Innovation:An Analysis of the Development of Eco-agriculture in Southern Jiangsu during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：冷鹏 LENG Peng

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《南京农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第6期105-114,共10页Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：在明清人口与资源逆向演进的背景下,苏南地区的精耕细作、集约经营,及轮作复种和间作套种的多熟制趋于完善,重视废弃物的循环利用和土地的用养结合,形成了以湖桑、湖羊为核心的生态农业经营模式。其原因可以从四个方面解读:首先,人口压力下的积极探索无疑是生态农业产生的最大动因。其次,政策引导为生态农业提供契机,“植树营林”政策和“一条鞭法”税制改革政策促使经营理念从单一性向多元化转变,美洲作物的引种推广和税制改革解放出来的劳动力,推动了农业资源整合和产业结构重组。再次,农业商品化提升了资源的集约利用程度,出现了专业化的蚕桑区、棉作区、水产养殖区和水生蔬菜种植区,轮作复种和间作套种的多熟制体现了生态农业在时间和空间上的多元化。最后,湖桑、湖羊以及土壤管理技术体系的完善,奠定了苏南生态农业发展的基础。Under the background of the reverse evolution of population and resources in the Ming and Qing dynasties,the intensive farming and intensive management,the multiple cropping system of multiple cropping in rotation and inter-cropping became more and more perfect in the south of Jiangsu Province.The reasons can be divided into four aspects:firstly,the active exploration under the population pressure is undoubtedly the biggest cause for the emergence of ecological agriculture.Secondly,policy guidance provides opportunities for ecological agriculture.The policy of“planting trees and planting forests”and the tax reform policy of“Yi Tiao Bian(One Whip)Method”promotes the change of business philosophy from uniformity to diversity.The introduction and promotion of crop varieties in Americas and the tax reform liberate the labor force,and promote the integration of agricultural resources and the restructuring of industrial structure.Thirdly,the commercialization of agriculture has promoted the intensive utilization of resources,with the emergence of specialized sericulture areas,cotton farming areas,aquaculture areas and aquatic vegetable planting areas.The multi-cropping system of multiple cropping rotation and inter-cropping reflects the diversification of ecological agriculture in time and space.Finally,the improvement of lake mulberry,lake sheep and soil management technology system laid the foundation for the development of ecological agriculture in southern Jiangsu.

关 键 词：苏南地区 生态农业 集约经营 桑基鱼塘 多熟制 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]