科技决策视阈下的公众参与——“专家知识”与“外行视角”的协同分析  

Public Participation in Science and Technology Decision Making:A Collaborative Analysis in Reference to Expert Knowledge and the Layman Perspective

作　　者：庞增霞 尚智丛 PANG Zengxia;SHANG Zhicong(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2020年第9期112-118,共7页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“科学知识的民主问题研究”(项目编号:15AZX007)。

摘　　要：精英主义下的民主参与强调的是由公众代表人的集体意志表达出的标准科学图景的镜像,而参与式民主的公众参与是从社会视角对争议性议题分析而表征出的常识,两者的分歧在公众参与科技决策的过程中形成诸多困境。早期的代议制政府主张的精英主义限制了公众参与科技决策的平等权利;科学划界在科学知识与替代性知识之间形成的界线,引起专家知识与外行视角的分歧;公众参与在实现政治合法化之后,却引起了公众参与科技决策范围界定的问题。通过分析"专家知识"与"外行视角"分歧的渊源,认为基于自由主义的认知分工,遵循"专家知识"与"外行视角"功能导向的差异性,依据"专家知识"与"外行视角"的知识规范体系的协同分析模式,建构多元利益攸关群体之间的良序的互动机制,能够增强公众参与科技决策的有效性以及政治决策的合法性。The differences between public participation in elitist democracy and participatory democracy have given rise to many dilemmas in the process of public participation in science and technology policy-making.In the early stage of the representative government,elitism limited equal public participation in technology decision-making.The difference between expert knowledge and the layman’s perspective has resulted in the "knowledge barrier" of one-way knowledge flow in the process of public participation technology.The political legalization of public participation has in the meantime caused the problem of defining the scope of public participation in scientific and technological decision-making.This paper analyses the integration of elitism and symbolism in public participation in decision-making,and defends the public participation ability based on the cognitive division of labor.It recognizes the functional difference between expert knowledge and the layman perspective,and proposes that an ordered,interactive,collaborative mechanism involving various interested parties can contribute to the effectiveness and validity of public participation in science and technology decision making.

关 键 词：科学民主化 科学划界 分析范畴 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]