公正效率两相衡:清代众证规则的演变及其动因  

The Balance of Justice and Efficiency:the Evolution and Motivation of the Rules of Public Certification in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘之杨 Liu Zhiyang(Law School Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《北京化工大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第3期41-48,共8页Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：清代证据规则在口供定案外还有众证定案。《清史稿·刑法志》对众证规则的描述并不准确,实际上该规则在国初定律之后,经历了嘉庆纂例、道光改定和光绪奏定新章三次演变,在适用范围、案件类型、奏咨程序以及上控、京控等问题上连续调整。从设立和修改的动机来看,清人将众证规则当作一种调和公正与效率的方式,立法者对这组关系的权衡是该规则演变的动因。清代的众证规则有前代立法经验可循,并非只看重个案公正而轻视审判效率,清代的听讼也并非如滋贺秀三教授所论,全然缺乏对终局性裁判程序的思考和制度设计。但由于依"情理"听讼的核心目标是修复伦理关系,故而侧重效率的众证定案程序也就难获推崇。The description of the rules of public certification in the Annals of Criminal Law of the Qing Dynasty is not accurate.In fact,after the initial law of the state,the rules have undergone three evolutions,namely,the evolution of Jiaqing code,the revision of Daoguang and the new chapter of Guangxu,and have been continuously adjusted in terms of the scope of application,case types,the procedures of reporting and supervising,the upper control and the Beijing control.From the motivation of establishment and modification,the Qing people regarded the public certification rule as a way to reconcile justice and efficiency,and the balance of the relationship between the legislators was the cause of the evolution of the rule.The common evidence rules of the Qing dynasty are based on the legislative experience of the previous generation,and they do not only value the justice of individual cases but despise the trial efficiency.But because the core objective of civil action is to repair the ethical relationship,it is difficult to recommend the procedure that emphasizes efficiency.

关 键 词：众证 公正 效率 听讼 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]