我国煤矿“三下一上”采煤技术现状与展望  

Current status and prospect of coal mining technology under buildings,water bodies and railways,and above confined water in China

作　　者：郭文兵[1,2] 马志宝 白二虎 GUO Wenbing;MA Zhibao;BAI Erhu(School of Energy Science and Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo 454003,China;State Collaborative Innovative Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean-efficiency Utilization,Jiaozuo 454003,China)

机构地区：[1]河南理工大学能源科学与工程学院,河南焦作454003 [2]煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,河南焦作454003

出　　处：《煤炭科学技术》2020年第9期16-26,共11页Coal Science and Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51774111);国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(U1810203)。

摘　　要：我国"三下一上"(建筑物、水体、铁路等线性构筑物下及承压水上)煤炭资源储量大,"三下一上"采煤是我国煤炭资源枯竭型矿井提高资源采出率,延长矿井服务年限及实现可持续发展的有效举措。在分析建(构)筑物下采煤现状的基础上,阐述了源头减沉控损开采技术措施,主要包括充填开采、部分开采,协调开采及减小建筑物变形的覆岩离层注浆技术措施等。通过分析长壁开采引起的覆岩破坏传递过程,提出了基于该过程的覆岩破坏充分采动程度判据及其高度计算方法,揭示了煤层开采覆岩破坏高度形成机制,采用地面钻孔观测及协调开采法成功进行了水体下等不同地质采矿条件下采煤,并针对高强度开采对松散含水层破坏特征进行了大地电磁探测,分析了采动影响下松散含水层破坏特征,揭示了松散含水层破坏机理并验证了大地电磁法用于探测含水层破坏的可行性。总结了我国"三下一上"采煤技术方法及安全技术措施。研究认为我国煤矿"三下一上"采煤技术将以源头减沉控损开采方法,覆岩破坏控制技术研究为主,地下煤炭原位保护开采技术将是未来建(构)筑物及水体下开采的发展趋势。China has a large amount of coal resources that are difficult to mine due to buildings,water bodies,railways and confined water.Mining under building,water bodies and railways,and above confined water is an effective measure for resource exhausted mines to increase the resource recovery rate,extend the service life of the mines and achieve sustainable development in China.Based on the analysis of the current status of coal mining under buildings and structure,the source-controlled subsidence and damage mining method are expounded,including the filling mining,partial mining,coordinated mining,the measures to reduce deformation of buildings by grouting bed separation.By analyzing the transfer process of overburden failure caused by longwall mining,the criterion of the full mining degree of overburden failure based on the transfer process of overburden failure and its height calculation method are proposed,which reveals the formation mechanism of the height of overburden failure.The surface borehole observation method and coordinated mining have successfully applied to coal mining under water bodies in different geological mining conditions.In addition,the magnetotelluric detection were carried out to detect the destruction characteristics of loose aquifers in high-intensity mining,the destruction characteristics of loose aquifers under the influence of mining were analyzed,which revealed the destruction mechanism of loose aquifer and verified the feasibility of magnetotelluric method for detecting the damage of aquifers.Coal mining technology and safety measures of mining under buildings,water bodies and railways,and above confined water were summarized.Finally,the study forecasts that the development of coal mining technology under buildings,water bodies and railways,and above confined water in China’s coal mines will be mainly based on source-controlled subsidence anddamage mining methods,overburden damage control technology.Underground in-situ protection coal mining technology will be the future trend of minin

关 键 词：“三下”采煤 岩层移动 地表沉陷 采动损害与保护 长壁开采 

分 类 号：TD823[矿业工程—煤矿开采]