论马克思的“时间”概念及其人类学意义  

On Marx’s Concept of “Time”and Its Anthropological Significance

作　　者：晏辉 YAN Hui

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院

出　　处：《云南社会科学》2020年第5期19-30,187,共13页Social Sciences in Yunnan

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“转型期中国伦理基础变迁及其重建研究”(项目号:16AZX018)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：马克思是从劳动本体论的角度讨论时间问题的,在比较使用价值和价值的关系时,马克思把价值定义为凝结在商品中的一般人类劳动,而劳动又表现为一定的劳动过程,即劳动时间。必要劳动时间和剩余劳动时间的划分为劳动者如何获得自由支配自己的时间奠定了理论基础;如何缩短必要劳动时间而延长自由时间也就成为个人自由而全面发展的重要根据和表现。马克思的时间概念内在地蕴含着自然时间、社会时间和意义时间三个向度;人的解放除了通过消灭资产阶级私有制从而使劳动产品回归劳动者所有之外,还表现在社会时间的合理分配和意义时间的不断生成两个方面。时间概念如何走进马克思哲学研究的视野,如何基于个体体验而又超越个体进入类的共同体中,成为理解和把握马克思时间理论的逻辑起点;时间不仅具有统计学意义,更有社会和人类学意义,是领悟马克思时间思想的核心。在现代性场域下,时间如何具有本体论和人类学意义,马克思的时间思想无疑是理解这些问题时必须高度重视的理论遗产。Marx discussed the issue of time from the perspective of labor ontology.When comparing the relation between use value and value,Marx defined value as general human labor condensed in commodities,and labor is expressed as a certain labor process,namely labor time.The division of necessary labor time and surplus labor time has laid a theoretical foundation for the way how workers are capable of controlling their own time freely.So how to shorten necessary labor time and extend free time has become an important basis and manifestation of individual freedom and all-round development.Marx’s concept of time inherently contains three dimensions:natural time,social time and meaningful time.In addition to the elimination of bourgeois private ownership and the return of labor products to workers,the emancipation of mankind is also expressed at two aspects:the reasonable distribution of social time and the continuous generation of meaningful time.How the concept of time enters the vision of Marx’s philosophy research and how the concept of time enters the community of species based on individual experience and beyond the individual experience have become the logical starting point to understand and grasp Marx’s time theory.“Time”is not only of statistical importance,but also of social and anthropological significance,which is the core to understand Marx’s concept of time.In the context of modernity,Marx’s concept of time is undoubtedly a theoretical heritage that we must attach great importance to when we are trying to understand how time possesses ontological and anthropological significance.

关 键 词：劳动 价值 劳动时间 剩余时间 自由 人类解放 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]