我国生态补偿依据及补偿标准关键问题综述  

Review on the key issues of basis and criteria of ecological compensation in China

作　　者：常兆丰[1] 乔娟[2] 赵建林 董志洋 汪杰[1] CHANG Zhaofeng;QIAO Juan;ZHAO Jianlin;DONG Zhiyang;WANG Jie(Gansu Desert Control Research Institute,Lanzhou 730070,China;Gansu Agriculture University,Lanzhou 730070,China;Administration of Jingtaichuan Electric Lift Irrigation Project,Jingtai 730400,Chinaa)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省治沙研究所,兰州730070 [2]甘肃农业大学,兰州730070 [3]甘肃省景泰川电力提灌管理局,甘肃景泰730499

出　　处：《生态科学》2020年第5期248-255,共8页Ecological Science

基　　金：甘肃省重点研发计划[景电高扬程提灌工程生态功能价值及其补偿机制研究(18YF1FA028)];国家自然科学基金面上项目[沙漠、戈壁光伏产业防沙治沙的生态效应(41671528)]。

摘　　要：中国的生态补偿目前还存在理论认识不明晰,补偿依据和补偿标准争议多、可操作性不强等问题,这些问题的存在严重限制了生态补偿制度的顺利运行。在研读了大量参考文献的基础上,结合参与实践和认识,对生态补偿的一些关键问题做了梳理和分析。生态补偿的理论基础是外部性原理,生态补偿就是外部性的内部化过程。中国的生态补偿应以生态服务价值为补偿依据,以生态服务价值的机会成本为补偿标准。通过生态服务价值的空间尺度转化结合其他方法可以使生态服务价值的计算进一步准确化;外部性存在随距离消减的问题,运用距离余弦公式可以计算防护林对消减下风向区域沙尘暴的生态服务价值。At present,there are still some problems in ecological compensation,such as unclear theoretical understanding,disputes about the basis and standard of compensation,and weak operability in China.The existence of these problems seriously limits the operation of the ecological compensation system.The author has sorted out and analyzed some key issues of ecological compensation on the basis of reading a lot of references,combined with participating practice and understanding.The theoretical basis of ecological compensation is the principle of externality;and ecological compensation is the internalization process of externality.Our country’s ecological compensation should be based on the value of ecological services,and the opportunity cost of the value of ecological services is taken as the standard.The calculation of ecosystem service value can be further accurately achieved by combining the spatial scale transformation of ecosystem service value with other methods.Externality has the problem of diminishing with distance.The distance cosine formula can be used to calculate the ecological service value of shelterbelts to reduce sandstorms in downwind areas.

关 键 词：外部性 补偿依据 补偿标准 生态服务价值 机会成本 

分 类 号：Q14[生物学—生态学] X37[生物学—普通生物学]