流域超标准洪水特点回顾性研究  

Retrospective study on historical characteristics of watershed over-standard floods

作　　者：李昌文 李安强 黄艳 孟建川 刘翠杰[3] LI Changwen;LI Anqiang;HUANG Yan;MENG Jianchuan;LIU Cuijie(Changjiang Institute of Survey,Planning,Design and Research Co.,Ltd,Wuhan 430010,China;China Water Huaihe Planing,Design and Resaerch Co.,Ltd,Hefei 230601,China;China Water Northeastern Investigation,Design&Research Co.Ltd,Changchun 130062,China)

机构地区：[1]长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司,湖北武汉430010 [2]中水淮河规划设计研究有限公司,安徽合肥230601 [3]中水东北勘测设计研究有限责任公司,吉林长春130062

出　　处：《人民长江》2020年第10期12-19,共8页Yangtze River

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1508005,2018YFC1508006)。

摘　　要：流域超标准洪水是一种极端稀遇事件,现有研究严重不足。为认识其规律,以长江流域荆江河段、淮河沂沭泗流域和嫩江流域为主要研究对象,从暴雨、洪水和洪灾3个维度,回顾了历史上发生过的1153,1227,1560,1788,1860,1870年长江流域超标准洪水,1730,1957,1974年沂沭泗流域超标准洪水和1794,1998年嫩江流域超标准洪水,并分述了其特点。研究表明流域超标准洪水具有:①雨区广而稳、暴雨强度大、降雨历时长、累计雨量大等雨情特点;②空间遭遇恶劣、洪水峰高量大、高水位历时长等水情特点;③受灾范围广、灾害损失大、工程水毁重等灾情特点。研究成果对揭示流域超标准洪水内涵、指导超标准洪水“黑天鹅”事件应对、确保江河安澜具有重要的指导价值。The watershed over-standard flood is an extremely rare event,and the existing research is seriously insufficient.In order to understand its laws,this article reviews and describes the characteristics of watershed over-standard floods that have occurred in history from three dimensions of heavy rain,flood,and flood disaster.These extreme flood events include 1153,1227,1560,1788,1860 and 1870 floods in the Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River Basin,the 1730,1957 and 1974 floods in the Yishusi River Basin of the Huaihe River,and 1794 and 1998 floods in the Nenjiang River Basin.The results show that①the over-standard flood in the river basin has rain characteristics such as wide and stable rain area,heavy intensity of rainstorm,long duration of rainfall,and large amount of accumulated rainfall.②It also has the flood characteristics such as bad flood encounter in the space,high flood peak and large volume and long duration of higher water level.③The disaster condition is characterized by wide disaster range,large disaster loss,and serious water damage to projects.This study has important guiding value for revealing the connotation of watershed over-standard flood,guiding the response of the“black swan”event of over-standard flood,and ensuring the safety of rivers.

关 键 词：流域超标准洪水 雨水情特点 灾情特点 淮河沂沭泗流域 嫩江流域 长江流域 

分 类 号：TV122[水利工程—水文学及水资源]