秸秆还田与化肥配施对油菜-水稻产量构成因素及经济效益的影响  

Effect of Straw Returning Combined with NPK Fertilization on Crop Components,Yield and Economic Benefits Under Rice-Rape Rotation

作　　者：吴玉红[1] 陈浩[1] 郝兴顺 田霄鸿[2] 崔月贞 张春辉[1] WU Yu-hong;CHEN Hao;HAO Xing-shun;TIAN Xiao-hong;CUI Yue-zhen;ZHANG Chun-hui(Hanzhong Agricultural Research Institute,Shaanxi Hanzhong 723000,China;College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Shaanxi Yangling 721000,China)

机构地区：[1]汉中市农业科学研究所,陕西汉中723000 [2]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌721000

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2020年第9期2007-2012,共6页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：陕西省农业科技创新转化项目(NYKJ-2018-HZ01);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2019ZDLNY01-05-01)。

摘　　要：【目的】本文明确了汉中盆地稻油轮作体系中秸秆还田与化肥配施对作物产量构成因素、周年产量及经济效益的影响,为秸秆还田替代化肥技术提供科学依据。【方法】通过2年田间试验,设置秸秆不还田+常规施肥(SN+NPK);秸秆常规还田+常规施肥(S+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+常规施肥(SD+NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量15%(SD+85%NPK);秸秆促腐还田+化肥减量30%(SD+70%NPK)5个处理。【结果】秸秆还田与常规化肥配施增加了油菜主花序角数、分枝角数、角粒数和水稻结实率、有效穗,从而提高作物籽粒产量;秸秆还田与化肥减量配施显著降低了油菜分枝角数、千粒重和水稻每穗粒数、结实率、有效穗、千粒重,降低作物产量。与SN+NPK相比,S+NPK、SD+NPK、SD+85%NPK、SD+70%NPK处理油菜籽粒产量、水稻籽料产量和经济效益2年平均增幅分别为14.82%、18.63%、-1.25%、-6.84%;1.54%、6.35%、-4.07%、-6.86%和24.02%、23.91%、5.06%、-0.57%。【结论】稻油轮作体系中两季作物秸秆全量促腐还田与常规化肥配施是增产和增效的最佳措施,而两季作物秸秆全量促腐还田与化肥减量15%配施节约成本优势明显,两季作物氮磷钾养分投入共减少107 kg/hm2,既可以维持作物稳产,提高经济效益,又可以降低环境污染风险,是一种适宜该区域的绿色生产模式。【Objective】A two-year field experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of combined addition of crop straw with NPK fertilization on crop components,annual productivity and economic benefits under rice-rape rotation in Hanzhong basin and provide theoretical basis and technical support for straw-returning instead of chemical fertilizer application.【Method】The experiment included five treatments:application of NPK without straw returning(SN+NPK),application of NPK with straw returning(S+NPK),application of NPK with decayed straw returning(SD+NPK),application of NPK with 15%reduction plus decayed straw returning(SD+85%NPK)and application of NPK with 30%reduction plus decayed straw returning(SD+70%NPK).【Result】The straw returning combined with the NPK fertilization increased the crop yield by improving pods of main florescebce,pods of branch and seeds per pod of rape and seed setting rate and effective panicle of rice.However,straw returning combined with the NPK fertilization reduction decreased the crop yield by reducing pods of branch and 1000-seed weight of rape and spikelets per panicle,seed setting rate,effective panicle and 1000-seed weight of rice.Compared with SN+NPK treatment,the increase in annual average rape yield in two years was 14.82%for S+NPK,18.63%for SD+NPK,-1.25%for SD+85%NPK,and-6.84%for SD+70%NPK,the increase in annual average rice yield in two years was 1.54%for S+NPK,6.35%for SD+NPK,-4.07% for SD+85%NPK,and-6.86%for SD+70%NPK,while the increase of annual net profit in two years was 24.02%,23.91%,5.06%,and-0.57%,respectively.【Conclusion】The combination of straw returning with NPK fertilization was an effective farming practice to improve crop yield and economic benefits in Hanzhong basin.SD+85%NPK treatment did not affect the annual average yield,but significantly had a cost reduction caused by less fertilizer application with a reduction in total fertilizer by 107 kg•hm-2.Considering the environment and economic effects,decayed straw returning with 15%reduction in NPK appl

关 键 词：稻油轮作 秸秆还田 化肥减量 周年产量 经济效益 

分 类 号：S314[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]