广州市郊稻田氮肥减施的产量和氮肥利用效率分析  

Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Paddy Field in Suburb of Guangzhou

作　　者：黄巧义 黄旭 唐拴虎 杜建军[2] 张木 李苹 付弘婷 HUANG Qiaoyi;HUANG Xu;TANG Shuanhu;DU Jianjun;ZHANG Mu;LI Ping;FU Hongting(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation,Guangzhou 510640,China;New Fertilizer Research Center,Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering/Gongdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control,Guangzhou 510225,China)

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室/广东省养分资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室,广东广州510640 [2]仲恺农业工程学院新型肥料研究中心/广东省农业产地环境污染防控工程技术研究中心,广东广州510225

出　　处：《广东农业科学》2020年第9期66-72,共7页Guangdong Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503123);广州市科技计划项目产学研协同创新重大专项(201704020187);广东省农业科学院学科团队建设项目(粤农科〔2016〕95号)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究氮肥减施措施对水稻产量、田面水氮含量和氮肥施用效率的影响,为广州市水稻氮肥减施提供技术支持和理论参考。【方法】在广州市郊开展水稻田间试验,设不施氮(CK)、常规分次施肥(CF)、缓释氮肥减施25%分次施用(SFT)、缓释氮肥减施25%一次施用(SFB)、缓释氮肥减施25%并结合有机替代一次施用(SFB+OS)5个施肥处理,分析不同施肥处理的田面水氮含量、水稻产量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】SFB处理的田间水氮含量在移栽后3 d高于CF处理,之后迅速降低,并保持较低的水平;SFT处理和SFB+OS处理的田面水氮含量在移栽后1周与CF处理基本一致,之后均显著低于CF处理。施氮处理的水稻秸秆和籽粒的氮含量显著高于不施氮处理,减氮处理对水稻秸秆和籽粒氮含量没有显著影响;与CF处理相比,不同减氮处理对水稻籽粒产量没有显著影响。减氮施肥处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥生理利用率显著高于常规施肥处理,其增幅分别达到35.16%、33.58%和16.84%,其中SFB+OS处理增幅最大。【结论】缓释氮肥减施25%分次施用和缓释氮肥减施25%结合有机替代一次性基施均可显著提高氮肥施用效率,降低稻田氮素流失风险(尤其是SFB+OS处理),且水稻产量与常规施肥持平,是广州市郊水稻实现氮肥减施的有效技术措施。【Objective】The study was conducted to explore the effects of reducing nitrogen(N)application measures on rice yield,N content in water and N application efficiency,and provide technical support and theoretical references for rice N fertilizer reduction in Guangzhou.【Method】Field experiment was carried out to analyze the effect of reduced application of slow-release nitrogen on N content in surface water,rice yield and N fertilizer utilization efficiency in the suburb of Guangzhou.Five treatments,namely,no nitrogen(CK),conventional split fertilization(CF),split application of slow-release fertilizer with N reduced by 25%(SFT),one-off fertilization of slow-release fertilizer with N reduced by 25%(SFB),and one-off fertilization of slow-release fertilizer with N reduced by 25%+organic substitution(SFB+OS),were set.【Result】The N content in surface water after transplanting for 3 days under SFB treatment was higher than that under CF treatment,but then decreased quickly and remained at a relatively low level.The N contents in surface water under SFT treatment and SFB+OS treatment were similar with that under CF treatment after transplanting for 7 days,and then were significantly lower than that under CF treatment.The N contents of rice straw and grains under N fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that under CK treatment.Reduced N application had no obvious effect on N contents of rice straw and grains.Compared with CF treatment,different N reduction treatments had no significant effect on yields of rice grains.The agronomic efficiency,partial productivity and physiological utilization rate of N fertilizer under N reduction treatments were significantly higher than those under CF treatment,with the increased rates of 35.16%,33.58%and 16.84%,respectively,among which the maximum increased rate was obtained under SFB+OS treatment.【Conclusion】SFT and SFB+OS treatments could improve the N utilization efficiency and reduce the risk of nitrogen loss on the premise of ensuring rice yield(espec

关 键 词：水稻 氮肥减施 氮肥利用率 产量 有机肥 缓释氮肥 

分 类 号：S511.062[农业科学—作物学]