重新理解传统氏族制度:索马里国家重建的社会逻辑及其限度  

Reconsidering the Traditional Clan System:The Social Logic of State-Building in Somalia and Its Limitations

作　　者：王学军 Xuejun Wang

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学政治学与公共管理学院,上海201620

出　　处：《世界民族》2020年第5期66-76,共11页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金科研项目“21世纪非洲政党政治发展态势及其影响研究”(项目批准号:19BGJ073)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：殖民前索马里是无国家的氏族社会,维持其秩序的传统制度由多层次氏族结构、长老制度和习惯法等基本要素构成。在1991年中央政权崩溃后漫长的索马里重建进程中,传统氏族制度成为关键力量,其作用体现在地方与国家两个层面。在地方层面,传统长老和习惯法主导了冲突和解与安全秩序维护进程,并以制度化或非制度化方式在地方政府制度建设及其运转中扮演着重要的辅助支持者角色。在国家层面,长老的回归、氏族间权力分享的“4·5方案”促进了全国性的和解与国家重建进程,氏族政治的历史传统与当代记忆促成了索马里分权式的联邦制结构。传统氏族制度在索马里重建中的作用不容忽视,但也不能夸大,因为它既面临全球化、权力竞争等结构性因素的限制,也面临国内政治社会变迁及自身合法性危机的挑战。In the pre-colonial times,Somalia was a stateless clan society.The social order in Somalia was maintained by a set of traditional systems consisting of a multi-level clan structure,elder system and xeer.This traditional clan system has also played a crucial role in the long and difficult process of post-conflict state-building in Somalia since 1991 when the central regime collapsed.This role is reflected on two levels.At the local level,elders and xeer played a leading role in conflict reconciliation and security maintenance in the early post-conflict stage,and played a supplementary and supportive role in an institutionalized or non-institutionalized manner in the local government reconstruction and operation.At the state level,the return of the elders and the 4.5 formula of power share among clan-families contributed to the progress in national reconciliation and central state building,while the clan politics based on historical tradition and recent experience promoted the formation of a federal government structure.Despite the crucial roles it has played in promoting state building in Somalia,the traditional clan system cannot be exaggerated as it is confronted not only with such structural constraints as globalization and power competition,but also with challenges including domestic social and political changes,and crisis of legitimacy.

关 键 词：索马里 传统制度 氏族政治 国家重建 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]