烷基次磷酸盐及其协效阻燃研究进展  

Research Advances on Alkyl Hypophosphite and Its Synergistic FlameRetardant System

作　　者：高芸 向宇姝[1,2] 徐国敏[2] 龙丽娟[2] 秦舒浩[2] 于杰[1,2] GAO Yun;XIANG Yushu;XU Guomin;LONG Lijuan;QIN Shuhao;YU Jie(College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China;National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials,Guiyang 550014,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州大学材料与冶金学院,贵阳550025 [2]国家复合改性聚合物材料工程技术研究中心,贵阳550014

出　　处：《材料导报》2020年第19期19190-19196,共7页Materials Reports

基　　金：贵州省科技计划项目黔科合基础([2018]1088);黔科合支撑([2019]2029);黔科合成果([2018]4210)。

摘　　要：烷基次磷酸盐阻燃剂由于具有无卤高效、低烟低毒、热稳定性高等优点,备受阻燃材料研究者的关注与青睐。自进入人们的视野至今,多种烷基结构的次磷酸盐被研究者相继成功合成,并将其单独或与其他物质复配添加到聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚酰胺(PA)等聚合物材料中,以研究其阻燃效果及机理,取得了丰硕的研究成果。因此,本文一方面阐释了烷基次磷酸盐阻燃剂烷基结构与阻燃机理之间的构效关系,同时讨论了金属离子种类对阻燃性能的影响。对比烷基结构发现,直链、支链的烷基次磷酸盐通过受热分解生成含磷小分子物质捕捉自由基,主要发挥气相阻燃的作用,而环烷基、芳基的烷基次磷酸盐则是促进基体生成更多的炭层从而有效增强凝聚相阻燃作用,其中二乙基次磷酸盐已经实现工业化生产,比环烷基、芳基次磷酸盐具有更广泛的应用。此外,通过比较几种常见金属离子烷基次磷酸盐可知,铝离子的阻燃效果最佳。另一方面,由于大多数烷基次磷酸盐对聚合物材料的力学性能有一定的负面影响,严重阻碍了其应用及发展。近年来大量研究者致力于高效烷基次磷酸盐复配体系的研究开发。本文讨论了包括金属化合物、纳米粒子和扩链剂几类物质协效阻燃聚合物的研究现状及阻燃机理,其中烷基次磷酸盐-扩链剂复配体系阻燃时烷基次磷酸盐释放自由基在气相中发挥阻燃作用,而扩链剂可以使聚合物分子链段增长,链间产生交联作用,使得聚合物热稳定性能提高,成炭率及炭层致密性增加,固相阻燃作用增强,同时该复配体系还可提高材料的力学性能,获得阻燃性能与力学性能兼备的阻燃复合材料,在烷基次磷酸盐复配体系方面具有广阔的应用前景。Alkyl hypophosphite flame retardants have attracted the attention of researchers due to their high halogen-free efficiency,low smoke and toxicity,and high thermal stability.At present various alkyl hypophosphites have been successfully synthesized by researchers.The flame retar-dant was added to polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polybutylene terephthalate(PBT),polyamide(PA)and other polymers alone or combined with other substances to study its flame retardant properties and mechanism,and has achieved fruitful research results.Therefore,on the one hand,the structure-activity relationship between alkyl structure of alkyl hypophosphite and flame-retardant mechanism was explained,and the effects of metal ions on flame retardant properties were discussed.By comparison,alkyl hypophosphites with straight and branched chains capture free radicals and form phosphorus-containing small molecular substances during thermal decomposition,which mainly play the role of flame retardance in gas phase.While alkyl hypophosphites with cycloalkyl and aryl groups promote the formation of char layers in the matrix,thus effectively enhance the flame retardant effect in condensed phase.Among them,diethyl hypophosphite has been industrialized and more widely used than cycloalkyl and aryl groups hypophosphites.In addition,by comparing several common metal ions,flame retardant effect of aluminium alkyl hypophosphite is the best.On the other hand,most alkyl hypophosphites have a negative effect on the mechanical pro-perties of polymers,which seriously hampers their application and development.In recent years,a large number of researchers have devoted themselves to the research of high-efficiency alkyl hypophosphite complex system.In this paper,the research status and flame retardant mechanism of several synergistic flameretardant system are discussed,including metal compounds,nanoparticles and chain extenders.For the alkyl hypophosphite-chain extender system,alkyl hypophosphite releases free radicals to play a flame retardant role in the gas ph

关 键 词：阻燃 烷基次磷酸盐 协效 降解 

分 类 号：TQ314.24[化学工程—高聚物工业]