贫困对个体执行功能的影响  

The Impact of Poverty on Executive Function

作　　者：赵鑫 王艺璇[1,2] 马小凤 夏瑞雪 李世峰[1,2] 周爱保 Zhao Xin;Wang Yixuan;Ma Xiaofeng;Xia Ruixue;Li Shifeng;Zhou Aibao(Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu province,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou,730070;School of Psychology,Northwest Normal University,Lanzhou,730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省行为与心理健康重点实验室,兰州730070 [2]西北师范大学心理学院,兰州730070

出　　处：《心理科学》2020年第5期1183-1189,共7页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31560283,31860282);甘肃省科技厅基础研究创新群体项目(18JR3RA082)的资助。

摘　　要：已有研究发现,贫困会对个体的执行功能产生消极影响,这种影响存在于个体婴儿期、童年期以及成年期。贫困会影响与执行功能相关的前额叶的结构(如较小的灰质体积),也会影响前额叶的功能(如贫困个体需要使用额外的补偿资源来监测和抑制对干扰物的反应)。贫困会通过压力、认知剥夺以及父母养育行为等因素间接地影响个体的执行功能。今后该领域的研究应关注贫困影响执行功能的调节变量(如自我肯定、自我调节),建立贫困影响执行功能的综合模型(如考虑贫困经历时间等因素),立足执行功能的可塑性,通过认知干预提高贫困个体的执行功能。Poverty, as a complex risk, has negative effects on individuals’ physical and mental health. Due to the lack of material resources and environmental stimulation, the cognitive ability of individuals living in poverty will be impaired, especially their executive function. Executive function is a series of advanced cognitive processes closely related to attention, including working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. This paper firstly introduces the behavioral evidence that poverty affects executive function. Secondly, the paper analyses the correlation between poverty and the brain area related to executive function, namely the prefrontal lobe. The third one is the pathway that poverty indirectly affects executive function. From the perspective of cognitive plasticity, this paper believes that future research should pay more attention to the cognitive training of poor individuals, so as to compensate for the differences in cognitive ability between the poor and those with higher socio-economic status, which is of practical significance. The effect of poverty on executive function exists in infancy, childhood and adulthood. The result of behavioral experiments shows that poverty is negatively correlated with infants’ executive function performance, and poverty predicts their executive function level in early childhood. Poverty affects the executive attention of children, primarily in relation to attentional control and filtering irrelevant information. Among adolescents, poor subjects perform significantly worse on tests of working memory and cognitive control. For adults, the results are similar. With the help of neurobiological methods, the techniques of event-related potential(ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) are used to explore the neural mechanism of poverty affecting executive function, and it is found that poverty is related to the structure of the individual’s frontal lobe. Poor children have a smaller volume of gray matter in the frontal lobe, and their developm

关 键 词：贫困 社会经济地位 执行功能 

分 类 号：B848[哲学宗教—心理学]