水火图咏——晚明西来知识模式对明代社会的深入影响  

Ode to Water and Fire: The Deep Influence of the Western Knowledge Model on the Ming Society in the Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：郭亮 GUO Liang(Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts,Shanghai University,Shanghai,200444)

机构地区：[1]上海大学上海美术学院,上海200444

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2020年第10期1-12,共12页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“晚明以来的海图与疆域策略考述”(项目编号:15BZS105);上海市教委科研创新重大项目“近代西方对中国沿海地区的图绘与地缘政治、贸易交流丛考”(项目编号:E00071)。

摘　　要：晚明以降,耶稣会发现科学及博物与知识系统对明朝社会所起到的作用。从罗明坚《中华地图集》、利玛窦《坤舆万国全图》到嘉靖时许论彩绘《九边图》、郑若曾《筹海图编》和冯时《海图》等水系舆图,显示出明人对沿海水系之关注,名儒章潢辑刻《图书编》等图籍是晚明开始的海洋交流和明代学者们了解欧洲科学的互文见证。同时,崇祯十六年教士汤若望编著《火攻挈要》,将欧洲火药武器之学口授于明末学者焦勖,此时火炮战术兵书已为人所知。"水与火"的知识在明清鼎革之险恶环境中为传教士提供了有利条件,西方知识体系在中西交流时期的晚明社会中具有潜移默化的影响。In the late Ming Dynasty,Jesuits discovered the role of science and knowledge system in Ming society.From Michele Ruggieri’s Atlas of China,Matteo Ricci’s Complete Map of All Nations on the Earth to Xu Lun’s color drawing of the Jiubian Map in the Jiajing period,Zheng Ruozen’s Compilation of Maritime Planning and Feng Shi’s Mapping the Sea and other water system maps,it can be seen that people in the Ming Dynasty paid attention to the coastal water system.The famous Confucianist Zhang Huang’s Compilation of Maps and Books and other similar collections were witnesses to the exchange marine communication and the understanding of European science by the Ming scholars.At the same time,in 1643,Johann Adam Schall von Bell compiled Essentials of Fire Attacks (with both pictures and texts),giving an oral lecture on the study of European gunpowder weapons to Jiao Xu,a scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty.At this time,books on the artillery tactics and arms were known to Chinese scholars.The knowledge of "water and fire" provided favorable conditions for Christian missionaries in the difficult environment of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The system of western knowledge had a subtle influence on the late Ming society during the period of Sino-Europe communication.

关 键 词：水图 疆域与知识 火器 交流 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]