全程机械化条件下玉米和小麦播期对周年光能利用特性的影响  

Effects of Sowing Date of Maize and Wheat on Annual Radiation Utilization Characteristics under Full Mechanization

作　　者：王德鹏 代红翠 荐世春 姜雪 成妮妮[1] 张渝洁[1] 周晓燕[1] 刘开昌[2,3] Wang Depeng;Dai Hongcui;Jian Shichun;Jiang Xue;Cheng Nini;Zhang Yujie;Zhou Xiaoyan;Liu Kaichang(College of Life Sciences,Linyi University,Linyi 276000,China;Crop Research Institute,Shandong Academy of Agriculural Sciences,Jinan 250100,China;National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize,Jinan 250100,China;.4.Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]临沂大学生命科学学院,山东临沂276000 [2]山东省农业科学院作物研究所,山东济南250100 [3]小麦玉米国家工程实验室,山东济南250100 [4]山东省农业机械科学研究院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《山东农业科学》2020年第10期32-41,共10页Shandong Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0300606)。

摘　　要：通过播期调整、栽培管理优化等措施实现玉米-小麦两熟系统的周年高产,实施玉米-小麦两熟系统周年光能利用效率的量化试验,旨在阐明玉米和小麦播期对周年光能利用特性的影响,明确玉米-小麦系统实现周年高产的各项光能利用指标。2018—2020年,选取黄淮地区大面积种植的小麦和玉米品种作为试验材料,玉米试验采用播期、氮肥和密度的裂-裂区试验设计;小麦试验采用播期、栽培模式和品种的裂-裂区试验设计,两季试验均在同一田块全程机械化条件下进行。玉米播期分别设置6月10日、6月17日、6月24日,小麦播期分别设置10月10日、10月17日、10月24日。计算光照辐射拦截量和光能转化效率,选取玉米和小麦每个播期中产量最高的处理进行组合,综合分析高产条件下播期对玉米-小麦两熟系统周年光能利用特性的影响。玉米试验中,播期通过影响光照辐射而影响干物质和产量的转化效率,进而影响玉米的物质生产和产量形成。小麦试验中,小麦播期显著影响产量,但与光能利用特性指标变化趋势不一致;小麦产量的提高主要与入射光照辐射籽粒生产效率密切相关。在9个玉米-小麦两熟系统播期组合中,有3个组合的周年产量均约25.0 t/hm^2,且均包括玉米的第一个播期;较高的周年光照辐射拦截量促进了较高的干物质积累量是玉米-小麦两熟系统完成周年高产的重要因素。玉米-小麦周年产量达到25.0 t/hm^2时,主要周年光温利用指标如下:周年光照拦截量> 3 361 MJ/m^2,干物质/入射光照辐射> 0.63 g/MJ,干物质/拦截光照辐射> 1.20 g/MJ,产量/入射光照辐射> 0.33 g/MJ,产量/拦截光照辐射> 0.62 g/MJ。玉米和小麦系统周年高产与高物质生产密切相关;光照辐射对干物质和产量转化效率的显著提高,是玉米和小麦系统高物质生产的重要生理机制。调整玉米播/收期和优化栽培模式,选择适宜The annual high yield of maize-wheat system was fulfilled by adjusting the sowing date and optimizing the cultivation management.The quantitative experiment of annual radiation utilization efficiency for maize-wheat system was carried out to clarify the influences of sowing date on annual radiation use characteristics and to explicit the radiation utilization indexes for annual high yield of maize-wheat system.In 2018-2020,wheat and maize varieties planted in large area in Huanghe-Huaihe regions were selected as experimental materials to carry out sowing date and cultivation studies under the full production mechanization conditions.The split-split plot design of sowing date,nitrogen fertilizer and density was used in maize experiment,while the split-split plot design of sowing date,cultivation mode and variety was used in wheat experiment.The sowing dates of maize were June 10,June 17 and June 24,and those of wheat were October 10,October 17 and October 24.Maize and wheat experiments were conducted in the same field.The amount of radiation interception and the efficiency of radiation conversion were calculated.The treatments with the highest yield of each sowing date of maize and wheat were selected to analyze the effects of sowing date on annual radiation utilization characteristics of maize-wheat double cropping system under high yield conditions.In maize experiment,sowing date affected the conversion efficiency of dry matter and yield by affecting light radiation,and then affected the material production and yield formation of maize.In wheat experiment,the sowing date significantly affected the yield,whereas it was not consistent with the change trend of radiation utilization characteristic index.The increase of wheat yield was mainly closely related to grain production efficiency of incident radiation.Among the nine sowing date combinations of maize-wheat double cropping system,the annual yield of three combinations reached 25.0 t/hm^2,and all included the first sowing date of maize.Higher annual radiation i

关 键 词：小麦 玉米 全程机械化 周年高产 光照辐射拦截 光能转化效率 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S513