“法律责任”概念之澄清  

Clarifying the Concept of Legal Liability-Responsibility

作　　者：蔡宏伟 Cai Hongwei

机构地区：[1]吉林大学理论法学研究中心、法学院 [2]国家“2011计划”·司法文明协同创新中心

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2020年第6期85-104,共20页Law and Social Development

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“权利视野下法治政府建设的理论与实践研究”(16JJD820005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：面对当代中国法学对"法律责任"概念的混乱理解和中国社会"法律责任"观念的严重缺失,笔者尝试通过参考西方的法律理论和实践为"法律责任"提出一个清晰严谨的概念界定。通过借鉴庞德、霍菲尔德尤其是哈特的理论,本文将严格意义上的"法律责任"界定为"违法者在法律上必须受到惩罚或者必须做出赔偿",亦即"存在于违法者和救济之间的必然联系"。不仅如此,笔者还根据哈特的法律责任理论,阐发其特殊的"法律责任观",揭示出这种"法律责任观"同古典自由主义传统之间的内在关联。笔者甚至设想以哈特的"法律责任观"为指向,提出一种以有限政府观念为基础的"责任本位论",以求克服"权利本位论"日益暴露出来的理论不足和实践缺陷,为消除社会乱象、解决疑难案件和推动法律理论创新注入智识动力,为法律精神的全面更新和法治文明的健康成长作出理论贡献。There are many confused ideas of the concept of legal liability-responsibility in the contemporary Chinese legal theories and there is almost not any conception of legal liability-responsibility in Chinese society,so it is necessary to try to define strictly the concept of legal liability-responsibility by referring to Western legal theories and practices.By making reference to the legal theories of Western jurists,such as Roscoe Pound,Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld and especially H.L.A.Hart,the concept of legal liability-responsibility should be strictly defined as the bond of necessity that exists between the wrongdoer and the remedy of the wrong,or to say that when legal rules require men to act or abstain from action,one who breaks the law is usually liable,according to other legal rules,to punishment for his misdeeds,or to make compensation to persons injured thereby.Moreover,according to Hart’s theories,it is possible to elucidate a specific conception of legal liability-responsibility and explain the logical connection between this conception and the classical liberalism with the conception of limited government.By referring to this specific conception of legal liability-responsibility,we can also try to put forward a new legal theory named liability-oriented theory that is based on the conception of limited government in order to take the place of the old right-oriented theory.The new theory can avoid the theoretical and practical defects of the old theory,provide intellectual force for decreasing social disturbance,deciding hard cases and creating legal theories,and contribute to a complete update of legal spirit and the healthy growth of the rule of law civilization.

关 键 词：法律责任 有限政府 责任本位论 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]