地下水超采区农业种植结构与作物耗水时空演变研究  

Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Agricultural Planting Structure and Crop Water Consumption in Groundwater Overdraft Area

作　　者：孟建[1] 姚旭擎 杨晓琳[2] 罗建美[3] 沈彦俊[3] MENG Jian;YAO Xuqing;YANG Xiaolin;LUO Jianmei;SHEN Yanjun(College of Horticulture,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071001,China;College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang 050022,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学园艺学院,保定071001 [2]中国农业大学农学院,北京100193 [3]中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心,石家庄050022

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2020年第11期302-312,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31601267);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300105);河北省重点研发计划项目(20326411D-1);河北省小麦产业体系项目(HBCT2018010404)。

摘　　要：针对河北省受农业生产活动和降水量变化影响,社会用水与水资源承载能力严重失衡的问题,基于河北省水资源变化特征,利用Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算区域主要作物需水量,分析种植结构变化对灌溉需水量的影响。结果表明:进入21世纪以来,河北省水资源总量、地表水资源量和地下水资源量比1956—2017年年均值分别减少22.36%、42.15%和9.01%,地下水开采量和农田灌溉量逐年下降,但地下水超采量仍高达3.31×10^9 m^3,典型深层地下水漏斗区地下水位埋深依然处于60.34~70.46 m。同一作物年际间的需水量呈现弱降低趋势,蔬菜、水稻、水果、棉花、薯类、冬小麦、油料、大豆、玉米和谷子的需水量依次降低,分别为750.56~893.09 mm、698.25~832.60 mm、653.93~773.28 mm、506.30~634.23 mm、481.42~594.37 mm、401.66~504.60 mm、406.26~510.68 mm、335.28~429.74 mm、309.72~399.54 mm、269.94~345.77 mm。冬小麦的水分亏缺指数最高,为0.72;蔬菜、水稻和水果的水分亏缺指数依次降低,分别为0.47、0.46和0.36。冬小麦、蔬菜和水果年均灌溉需水总量分别占作物总灌溉需水量的46.87%、12.94%和12.24%。与1980—1989年相比,2010—2017年蔬菜和水果种植面积分别增加了186.01%和59.98%,灌溉需水量相应增加了143.75%和18.91%,而其他作物灌溉需水量均有所降低,蔬菜和水果种植面积增加成为农业灌溉需水量保持高位运行的主导因素。从实现主要农产品供需平衡、水资源平衡和国家粮食安全考虑,大幅减少高耗水作物(蔬菜和水果)种植面积是未来降低作物灌溉总需水量的有效途径。在保证京津冀市场需求的基础上,河北省蔬菜和水果的种植面积分别缩减至1.72×10^5、1.97×10^5 hm^2,年灌溉总需水量可减少3.31×10^9 m^3。Due to the influence of agricultural production activities and precipitation changes in Hebei Province,the social water use and water resource carrying capacity in Hebei Plain was seriously unbalanced.Based on the regional water resource condition and Penman-Monteith formula,the water consumption and irrigation water demand of staple crops were estimated and the effect of planting structure change on the water irrigation amount in Hebei Province was evaluated.Results showed that the total water resources,surface water resources and groundwater resources in Hebei Province during 2001—2017 were decreased by 22.36%,42.15%and 9.01%with respect to the averages of the past 62 years(i.e.1956—2017),respectively.Although the groundwater extraction and farmland irrigation amount displayed a slight decline trend,the groundwater overdraft still reached up to 3.31 billion m^3,together with the groundwater table reached 60.34~70.46 m in the typical groundwater funnel area.Compared with that shown in 1980,the planting area of the staple crops was increased by 21.68%in 2017.The water requirement in the crop growing season for all of the text crops showed a decline trend,with the order from high to low to be vegetable(750.56~893.09 mm),rice(698.25~832.60 mm),fruit(653.93~773.28 mm),cotton(506.30~634.23 mm),potato(481.42~594.37 mm),winter wheat(401.66~504.60 mm),oil crops(406.26~510.68 mm),soybean(335.28~429.74 mm),maize(309.72~399.54 mm)and millet(269.94~345.77 mm).The water deficit index of winter wheat was the highest among all crops(0.72),followed by vegetables(0.47),rice(0.46)and fruit(0.36).The annual irrigation water of winter wheat,vegetable and fruit accounted for 46.87%,12.94%and 12.24%of the total crop irrigation amount.Compared with that of 1980—1989,the planting area of vegetable and fruit was increased by 186.01%and 59.98%from 2010 to 2017,respectively.Correspondingly,the water demand of vegetable and fruit was increased by 143.75%and 18.91%whereas the water demand of other crops was decreased by 3.34%~91.57%.T

关 键 词：地下水超采区 种植结构 作物需水量 水分亏缺指数 

分 类 号：S274.3[农业科学—农业水土工程]