国家的刑法与社会的民法 礼法分野的法律经济学解释  被引量:16

Criminal Law of the State and Civil Law of the Society A Law and Economics Explanation of Social Governance in the Confucian Tradition

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作  者:张维迎[1] 邓峰[2] Zhang Weiying;Deng Feng

机构地区:[1]北京大学国家发展研究院 [2]北京大学法学院

出  处:《中外法学》2020年第6期1405-1425,共21页Peking University Law Journal

摘  要:对中国古代“重刑轻民”“法治落后”的批评由来已久,对礼的性质和定位也是学术界始终面临的困难问题之一。近几十年的法学发展,对法的社会治理功能有了新的理论认识,触发了对法的内涵和外延的重新理解。结合近年来法律经济学,特别是博弈论对社会规范及其与法律之关系的研究,传统中国社会的治理规则可以从规则的形成和执行两个维度分析,既可以是专业化的,也可以是非专业化的;既可以是国家垄断的,也可以是分散演化的。对中国古代法律体系的认识,应当抛弃受制于“法=国家法”的观念,将礼法理解为法律规则的不同执行体系,即国家垄断执行的刑法和社会分散、复合执行的民法(礼)。礼法之间的关系是事前的等级化产权分配规则和事后的刑罚之间的关系。礼法分野在社会治理层面上的法律部门分工,更多的是小政府下的社会分权治理模式,对维持两千年来中国古代社会以及中国传统文化的稳定和统一,起到了关键性的作用。What is Li(civility or ritual),and how we understand it,is a perennial question in Sinology.Li is commonly regarded as a norm system,but attributed to morality or belief rather than an independent legal norm system.This kind of stereotypical idea or imagination about Li has also heavily influenced legal studies.Statements like"ancient China had no civil law”or“traditional China paid much attention to criminal law rather than civil law”have become popular judgments about the Confucian legaltradition.The authors question such arbitrary assertions and argue that the formation and enforcement oflaw could be separated and can be provided either by public or private sectors,and either in competitive ormonopolized way.Comparing with different regimes of legal system,including law merchant,socialnorm,Iceland private enforcement legal system in middle time,Li could be seen as"society's civil law",dominated by a hierarchical property rules according to the Confucian distributive justice.The authors also analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of the separation of state's criminal law and society's civil lawand argue that the social governance of social autonomy and power separation of enforcement of law havehelped China keep the long term unification of society and made the Confucian ideas,values,and beliefsystem to be independent of the rulers’will.

关 键 词:援礼入法 重刑轻民 法律的私人执行和公共执行 社会规范 

分 类 号:D90-059[政治法律—法学理论] D929[政治法律—法学]

 

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