生物学定律、偶适概括与初始条件  

Biological Laws,Accidental Generalizations and Initial Conditions

作　　者：李胜辉[1] LI Shenghui(School of Philosophy and Public Management,Henan University,Kaifeng,Henan,475004)

机构地区：[1]河南大学哲学与公共管理学院,河南开封475004

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2020年第11期25-30,共6页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：山东省社会科学规划重大项目“生态哲学研究”(项目编号:16AWTJ01);河南省哲学社会科学规划项目“当代西方进化元伦理学研究”(项目编号:2018BZX005)。

摘　　要：约翰·比蒂提出的"进化偶然性论题"指出,依赖偶然的初始条件而为真的生物学概括都是偶然为真的偶适概括,而定律是不能偶然为真的,因此生物学概括都不可能成为定律。针对该论题,一种由索伯提出并为埃尔金所发展的观点认为,偶然的初始条件加偶适概括所组成的复合概括可能是定律而非偶适概括。他们的观点被批评者认为会面临两个难题:它会使所有的生物学概括都可能被视为定律;它取消了定律与偶适概括间的区分。不过,只要把他们的观点发展为"能够发挥定律功能的复合概括才可能是定律",这两个难题就可以被有效地解决。Evolutionary Contingency Thesis which proposed by John Beatty,indicates that biological generalizations which are true only under accidental initial conditions are all accidental generalizations,and laws aren’t accidentally true,so biological generalizations never can be regarded as laws.Aimed to this thesis,a viewpoint offered by Elliot Sober and supported by Mehmet Elgin holds that the compound generalizations consisting of accidental initial conditions and accidental generalizations may be regarded as laws rather than accidental generalizations.Their viewpoint has been criticized as facing two problems:it makes all biological generalizations possible to be regarded as laws;it removes the distinction between laws and accidental generalizations.However,as long as their viewpoint is developed into"a compound generalization which can play the function of law may be a law",then these two problems can be effectively solved.

关 键 词：进化偶然性论题 偶适概括 初始条件 模态力 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]