政府与市场作用视角下的近代外国银元在华竞争研究  

A Study on the Competition of Foreign Silver Dollar in China from the Perspective of Government and Market

作　　者：熊昌锟[1] Xiong Changkun

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所,北京100836

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2020年第6期133-147,共15页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“近代中国市场上的外国银元流通研究(1843—1923)”(批准号:17CZS028);2018年度《广州大典》与广州历史文化研究立项重点课题“明代以来广州对外贸易与白银流入”(批准号:2018GZZ01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：15世纪以来,重商主义盛行于欧洲各国。西班牙占据美洲后,开始铸造机制银元,并将其运入中国。美洲独立后,墨西哥银元在英、美领事以及中国地方政府推动下,逐步替代西班牙银元。为了同鹰洋争夺市场份额,英国、日本、法国以及美国先后铸造贸易银元投放中国市场,并通过外交手段推行本国银元。从流通范围来看,各国银元流通区域与该国的势力范围有较高的重合性,但墨西哥铸造的鹰洋流通地域最广、数量最多,英、美国银元只在局部地区与之形成竞争。清廷和北京政府先后铸造银元以驱逐洋银,但成效不彰。近代中国市场上的银元竞争,既存在市场偏好、商民使用习惯等因素,也掺杂了政治和外交的博弈。从银元竞争的过程和结果来看,国家干预虽起到一定效果,但市场作用仍是主要的影响因素。In the mid-16th century,the mechanism of the Spanish silver dollar into China.After Mexico's independence,the Mexican silver dollar gradually replaced the Spanish silver dollar under the intervention of the British and American consulates and the Chinese local government.In order to compete with Mexican silver dollar for market share,Britain,France,Japan and the United States successively minted trade silver dollar into the Chinese market,and forced Chinese local governments and treaty ports to accept their own silver dollar through diplomatic means.From the perspective of circulation scope,the circulation area of each country silver dollar overlaps with that country's sphere of influence to a high degree,but Mexican silver dollar circulates the most widely,and other silver dollars fail to form a fundamental challenge to it.Qing government and the Beijing government minted silver yuan to drive out foreign silver,but the effect was not obvious.The silver dollar competition in the market of modern China not only has the market preference,the use habit of the merchants and the people,but also has the political and diplomatic game behind it.From the process and result of the silver dollar competition,the state intervention plays a certain role,but the role of the market is still the main influencing factor.

关 键 词：近代中国 外国银元 竞争 政府 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]