天人视域下商周之“帝”的来源与演进  

The Origin and Evolution of“Di”in Shang and Zhou Dynasties from the Perspective of Man and Nature

作　　者：刘光洁[1] LIU Guang-jie(International College,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学国际学院,重庆400044

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第6期145-153,共9页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金西部项目“史书中帝王降生神异叙事研究”(17XZS013)。

摘　　要：“帝”在商周的不同演进,本质上是天人关系的体现。作为华夏族群的共同信仰,“帝”源于母系氏族社会时期的女性生殖崇拜,是生命之源、万物之母和死生之门3种信仰观念的层累汇聚,为不受人力所控的超自然力的象征。在天人争竞的过程中,“大邑商”不断贬抑自然神力而抬高现实人力,以取而代之的方式,用与人相亲相近的下位神和祖先神逐渐取代玄远不亲的上位神——“帝”在整个神灵体系中的地位,致使“帝”神威权日渐陵替;而与之相反,“小邦周”则通过尊崇自然神力来肯认现实人力,因而以内部改造的方式,用人伦道德重塑“天”“帝”内核,最终实现了统合天人的新突破,使“帝”演进为周初义理化的至上神。这一方面是由于商周两国所处的社会历史条件之异,另一方面则体现了商之自高自大、现实功利和周之自卑自抑、崇古重本两种精神特质的不同。The different evolution of“di(emperor)”in Shang and Zhou Dynasties is essentially a manifestation of the relation between man and nature.The Huaxia nationality generally believed that“di”originated from the female reproduction worship during the matriarchal society period.It is the confluence of three beliefs,namely,di is the source of life,the mother of all things and the gate of death and life,and it is a symbol of the supernatural power that is beyond human control.In the fight between man and nature,the big state Shang constantly played down the divine power of nature but played up human power,and thus replaced di,an upper god distant from humans,with lower gods and ancestors close to humans in the divine system,and the power of di therefore gradually declined.On the contrary,the small state Zhou recognized human power through worshipping divine power,therefore reshaped the core content of“tian(nature)”and“di”with human ethics and morality through internal transformation.It finally made a breakthrough in the integration of heaven and man,and made“di”evolve into a supreme god of yi(righteousness)and li(rationality)in early Zhou Dynasty.On the one hand,this can be attributed to the different social and historical conditions in Shang and Zhou.On the other hand,it reflects different qualities of Shang and Zhou:Shang was proud and pragmatic while Zhou were humble and respectful of tradition.

关 键 词：帝 至上神 天人关系 功利主义 道义主义 

分 类 号：G122[文化科学]