东北易帜与田中内阁对华政策的衍变  

Northeast China's Banner-Changing and the Evolution of the Tanaka Cabinet's Policy towards China

作　　者：陈太勇[1,2] Chen Taiyong

机构地区：[1]四川大学日本研究中心 [2]四川大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2020年第5期60-75,153,154,共18页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“战间期日本侵华军政档案的整理、编译与研究(1919—1931)”(批准文号:18BSS036);中国博士后科学基金第65批面上资助项目“战间期日本侵华政策研究(1919—1931)”(批准文号:2019M653459)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：田中义一上台后便确立了在战略上冲破华盛顿体制的束缚,在战术上胁迫奉张自治、分离东三省的对外政策。为阻止中国统一,田中内阁屡次干涉蒋介石与张学良之间的易帜谈判,制订了一系列文件,急欲实现分离东三省的既定目标。在田中内阁的高压下,东北易帜两度延期。为推进和谈,实现统一,蒋介石多次派使赴奉斡旋,向张学良承允不参与东北内政,仅行使外交主权,清除了易帜的最大障碍。美英也对日本不断挑战华盛顿体制、独霸中国东北的外交政策十分不满,不断加大遏制力度,使日本陷入了外交孤立,被迫从山东撤兵。日本各界亦訾议如沸,频频攻击田中,要其引咎辞职。在奉宁联合抵制、国际关系牵制、在野党倒阁等诸多因素的合力下,田中内阁拟以武力为后盾冲击华盛顿体制、分离东三省、阻扰中国统一的计划归于失败。After Tanaka Gichi was elected as the Prime Minister of Japan,he and his cabinet were determined to strategically shatter the straitjacket of the Washington System,and tactically press Zhang Xueliang,the leader of the Fengtian clique,into declaring the independence of Northeast China.The latter was an attempt to realise the policy of separating Northeast China from the National Government in Nanjing.To curb the negotiations between Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek,then the top leader of the Nanjing National Government,the Japanese government endeavoured with all its efforts to make sure that the negotiations would not succeed.More specially,it drafted and released several important documents.Under the pressure of the Japanese,Zhang Xueliang had to postpone the integration into the Nanjing National Government twice.However,for the Nanjing National Government,in order to achieve the integration,Chiang Kai-shek sent his envoys to Fengtian many times,making a promise that the central government would not participate in the‘internal affairs'of Northeast China in most respects and only exercise its diplomatic sovereignty if necessary.Under such circumstances,the biggest obstacle for the integration was resolved.Dismayed by challenges of Japan and its dominance in the Manchu-Mongolia area,the Anglo-American powers endeavoured to plunge Japan into a situation of diplomatic isolation,which inevitably led to the troop withdrawal of Japan in Shandong Province.These ignominious failures abroad not only incurred severe accusations at home against Tanaka and his cabinet,but were ultimately took as a weapon by the opposition party to bring down the Tanaka cabinet.Conclusively,Tanaka's great ambition of making Japan take the lead in the international arena and annex the Manchu-Mongolia area failed disastrously.

关 键 词：田中内阁 东北易帜 东三省自治 田中义一 张学良 

分 类 号：R65[医药卫生—外科学]