稻茬冬小麦氮肥吸收、残留和损失特性  

Characteristics of uptake, residual and loss of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat after rice stubble

作　　者：李欣欣 石祖梁 王久臣 王飞 徐志宇 江荣风[2] LI Xin-xin;SHI Zu-liang;WANG Jiu-chen;WANG Fei;XU Zhi-yu;JIANG Rong-feng(Rural Energy and Environment Agency,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Bei-jing 100125,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural Universi-ty,Beijing 100094,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站,北京100125 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100094

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2020年第11期3691-3699,共9页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-12)资助。

摘　　要：为推进稻茬小麦氮肥合理施用,采取田间15N示踪技术研究了施氮量(0、150、225、300 kg·hm-2,分别表示为N0、N150、N225、N300)对氮肥回收、残留、损失和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:随施氮量增加,小麦植株不同来源氮素积累量显著增加,氮肥回收率则显著下降。基肥氮以越冬至拔节期在植株中的积累量最高,追肥氮以拔节至开花期积累量最高;成熟期各处理追肥氮在植株中的积累量均高于基肥氮,N150处理植株中土壤氮的积累量高于肥料氮,N225、N300处理呈相反趋势。随施氮量增加,成熟期0~100 cm土层氮肥残留量显著增加,肥料氮在60~100 cm土层残留比例逐渐升高。小麦全生育期氮肥损失量和损失率均随施氮量增加而增加,基肥氮损失量以播种至越冬期最高,追肥氮损失量以拔节至开花期最高。综合考虑籽粒产量,N225处理可作为稻茬小麦氮肥推荐用量,相应的籽粒产量为6735 kg·hm-2,氮肥回收率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为42.6%、34.0%和23.3%。To promote the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat after rice stubble, the effects of nitrogen application rate(0, 150, 225, 300 kg·hm-2, expressed as N0, N150, N225, N300) on nitrogen recovery, residue, loss and grain yield were examined using field 15N tracer technology. The results showed that with the increases of application rate, nitrogen accumulation from different sources significantly increased while nitrogen recovery significantly decreased. The accumulation of basal nitrogen in plants reached the peak during overwintering stage to jointing stage, while the accumulation of topdressing nitrogen peaked between jointing to flowering stage. At maturity, nitrogen accumulation of the top fertilizer was higher than that of the base fertilizer. Plant nitrogen accumulation from soil under N150 was higher than that from nitrogen fertilizer, but with an opposite tendency under N225 and N300. With the increases of nitrogen application rate, the residual nitrogen in the 0-100 cm soil layer in the maturing stage significantly increased, while the residual nitrogen ratio in the 60-100 cm soil layer gradually increased. In the whole growth period of wheat, both nitrogen loss and loss ratio were positively correlated with nitrogen application rate. The nitrogen loss of base fertilizer reached the highest during sowing to overwintering stage, while the nitrogen loss of top fertilizer was at the peak from jointing to flowering period. Taking grain yield into consideration, N225 treatment was the proper application rate for winter wheat after rice stubble, with grain yield being 6735 kg·hm-2, and the nitrogen fertilizer recovery rate, soil residue rate and loss rate being 42.6%, 34.0% and 23.3%, respectively.

关 键 词：稻茬小麦 氮吸收 氮残留 氮损失 籽粒产量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]