减量施肥对设施黄瓜-甜瓜一年两茬栽培模式下产量及氮磷损失的影响  

Effects of Reduced Topdressing on Cucumber-Muskmelon Yield and Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Greenhouse under Cultivation Mode of Two Crops a Year

作　　者：高新昊[1] 孙明[2,3,4] 李彦 井永苹[2,3,4,5] 薄录吉 张英鹏[2,3,4,5] Gao Xinhao;Sun Ming;Li Yan;Jing Yongping;Bo Luji;Zhang Yingpeng(Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100,China;Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Plain,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Jinan 250100,China;Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control,Jinan 250100,China;Shandong Environmental Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院,山东济南250100 [2]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,山东济南250100 [3]农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室,山东济南250100 [4]山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室,山东济南250100 [5]山东省环保肥料工程技术研究中心,山东济南250100

出　　处：《山东农业科学》2020年第11期95-100,共6页Shandong Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划子课题“项目区设施化肥减施增效技术效果定点监测”(2016YFD0201306-03);山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目“集约化种植区面源污染综合防控技术”(CXGC2016B09);山东省重大科技创新工程项目“主要农作物的精准简化施肥技术研究及效果评价”(2019JZZY010701-2)。

摘　　要：针对目前设施大棚生产中施肥过量、棚内生态环境差的问题,采用小区试验,保持农民习惯基肥用量不变,研究黄瓜-甜瓜一年两茬不同茬口追肥减量幅度对其产量、收益及土壤氮磷损失的影响。结果表明,黄瓜和甜瓜分别在农民习惯追肥量基础上减施10%和15%的产量和收益最高,再提高追肥的减施幅度,产量和收益明显下降。各处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮含量在经历一年两茬作物生长后明显下降,速效钾也出现不同程度的下降,而有效磷在表层土中进一步积累;氮的淋溶量较高,两茬总淋溶量占投入肥料的比例为19.16%~36.18%,其中黄瓜种植茬口追肥减量5%处理的氮淋溶量最低,而在甜瓜种植茬口中,氮淋溶量最低的是追肥减量35%处理;磷的总淋溶量较低,在2.68~7.67kg/hm^2之间,占肥料投入比例不足0.4%。综上所述,在农民习惯追肥量基础上黄瓜追肥减施10%+甜瓜追肥减施15%的处理具有设施黄瓜-甜瓜一年两茬最高的经济收益和较高的环境效益。In order to solve the problems of excessive fertilization and poor ecological environment in greenhouse production,field plot experiment was carried out to study the effects of reducing amount of topdressing on yield,income and soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss of cucumber-melon two crops a year.The results showed that the yield and income of cucumber and muskmelon were the highest when decreasing topdressing by 10%and 15%respectively on the basis of farmer’s conventional topdressing amount.The yield and income decreased significantly when continued increasing the reduction rate of topdressing.The content of soil organic matter and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen decreased significantly after the two crops growth in one year,and the available potassium content also decreased in different degrees;the available phosphorus further accumulated in the surface soil.The leaching amount of nitrogen was higher,and the proportion of total leaching amount of the two crops accounted for 19.16%~36.18%of the input fertilizer,among which,the leaching amount of nitrogen was the lowest under the treatment of reducing 5%of topdressing fertilizer in cucumber stubble,while that was the lowest under reducing 35%of topdressing in muskmelon stubble.The amount of total phosphorus leaching was lower as 2.68~7.67 kg/hm^2,which accounted for less than 0.4%of fertilizer input.In conclusion,the treatment of 10%reduction of cucumber topdressing and 15%reduction of muskmelon topdressing based on farmer’s conventional topdressing had the highest economic benefits and higher environmental benefits for the two crops a year.

关 键 词：减量施肥 黄瓜 甜瓜 氮磷损失 设施大棚 

分 类 号：S642.206.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S642.606.2[农业科学—园艺学]