论孟德斯鸠笔下“英格兰政体”的政治形式与动力  

On the Political Form and Driving Force of Montesquieu’s“Constitution of England”

作　　者：郭小雨 Guo Xiaoyu

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学英国研究中心

出　　处：《政治思想史》2020年第4期126-153,200,共29页Journal of the History of Political Thought

摘　　要：孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》中的“英格兰政体”,可以在“政治法”和人为“政治状态”的层面进行定位,这有助于澄清它与孟德斯鸠在此书开头第一次划分三种政体所基于的不同原则。基于此种区别,“英格兰政体”能够被理解为旨在以具有执行权的政府为中心,借助职权分派产生代表并形成制衡,从而对现代权力发挥规范作用的渠道与框架,这重构了“政体”的意义。而且结合孟德斯鸠的欧洲封建史叙事,“英格兰政体”得以成为欧洲封建制的一种历史结果,在征服者与土地的结合和腐化中获得该政体形成的政治动力,并带来超出民族国家的政治影响力。The“Constitution of England”in Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Law needs to be located at the level of“political law”and the artificial“political state”.It can help to clarify the differences of the principles used by Montesquieu to divide the form of polity between his three main polities and the“Constitution of England”.On the basis of these distinctions,the“Constitution of England”can be understood as a channel and framework designed to regulate modern power,centered on a government of executive powers,with representation and checks and balances through the assignment of powers,which in fact reconstructs the meaning of“polity”in the modern context.Moreover,in conjunction with Montesquieu’s narrative of European feudal history,the“English polity”was able to be regarded as a historical consequence of European feudalism,acquiring the political dynamics of its formation in the combination of conquerors and lands and then the corruption of them.In this historical narrative,the political influence of“Constitution of England”was also brought into the area beyond the national state.

关 键 词：“英格兰政体” 孟德斯鸠 法的精神 分权制衡 封建史 

分 类 号：D091[政治法律—政治学]