敦煌画中的回鹘神祇——对P.4518(24)纸本的再讨论  

Uighur Deities in the Dunhuang Paintings:A New Discussion on the Dunhuang Manuscript P.4518(24)

作　　者：周晓萍 ZHOU Xiao-ping(Institute of Dunhuang Studies,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学敦煌学研究所,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《兰州大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第6期140-153,共14页Journal of Lanzhou University（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“丝绸之路甘肃段石窟寺类文化遗产价值研究”(16XKG006);兰州大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“敦煌行脚僧图像研究——以回鹘石窟为中心”(2019jbkyxs026)。

摘　　要：敦煌P.4518(24)绘画中的主体人物,一直以来被学者考证认为是粟特祆教神祇。本文在前贤研究的基础之上首先从图像中主体人物衣冠服饰及犬、狼在图像上的表现入手,论证了该图像具有的回鹘民族的文化特征。其次,通过图文互证的方式分析认为,图像中左像为吉祥天女,右像为四臂观音。两尊像的成因基于唐宋间敦煌佛教的密教化、民间化,体现了回鹘佛教信仰的显密结合及对当地传统民间信仰图式的纳入,表现了四臂观音手持日月、蛇蝎的造像特征。根据回鹘多宗教信仰,多文化融合的民族特性,认为10世纪甘州回鹘将不同信仰的崇拜对象融为一体,创造了以回鹘天公主为特征的佛教吉祥天女及四臂观音的形象。The figures in the painting of the Dunhuang Manuscript P.4518(24)have long been considered as Sogdian deities by scholars.Drawing on previous research,this paper demonstrates the cultural characteristics of the Uighurs in the painting through the figures’clothing and accessories,as well as the images of dogs and wolves.Through mutual confirmation of the painting and its corresponding text,the author believes that the left image is the Goddess Lakṣmī,and the right one is the Four-armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva.The formation of the two images is owing to the influence of Esoteric Buddhism and the localization of Dunhuang Buddhism in the Tang and Song Dynasties,which promoted the integration of Buddhist beliefs with local ones and the incorporation of Dunhuang traditional folk belief schemas,as shown in combined images of the Four-armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva,sun and moon,and snakes and scorpions in one painting.In view of the multi-religious beliefs and multi-cultural integration of Uighurs,the author believes that in the 10th century,the Ganzhou Uighurs integrated worship objects of different beliefs and created the image of Buddhist Four-armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva and the Goddess Lakṣmīin the image of the Uighur Princess of Heaven.

关 键 词：回鹘 犬 狼 吉祥天女 四臂观音 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]