乡村振兴背景下农村“民主”与“有效”治理的匹配问题  

Matching“Democracy”and“Effectiveness”in Rural Governance in the Context of Rural Revitalization

作　　者：王春光[1,2] WANG Chun-guang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院社会学研究所 [2]中国社会科学院社会政策中心

出　　处：《社会学评论》2020年第6期34-45,共12页Sociological Review of China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“非就业性收入对农村居民收入的补偿性作用及其就业效果研究”(19ASH014)。

摘　　要：乡村治理一直是一个没有解决好的乡村现代化难题。这个难题的核心问题是"民主"与"有效"之间的匹配关系。从改革开放以来,正是这一问题主导着乡村治理的演变过程。这里从公共服务生产、供给和人口流动两个维度,透视民主与有效的关系在乡村的演变过程和机理。具体体现在:新农村建设目标之一是"民主管理",而乡村振兴发展战略目标则改为"治理有效"。在公共服务不断向乡村下沉延伸的过程中,"治理有效"似乎比"民主管理"更重要,同时,大量人口外出流动进一步强化了"治理有效"的重要性。治理有效与民主管理之间虽然有一定的张力,但并不是相互排斥的,这取决于对"有效"的界定。就公共服务而言,如果忽视了"民主"原则,就会出现供给与需求的错位,在一定程度上损害了"有效";而真正实现供给与需求的契合从而真正让村民获得民生和福祉改善,没有村民的民主参与和表达,是做不到的。因此,我们需要从过去40年的乡村治理实践中寻找乡村治理如何达成民主与有效的紧密匹配的可能方向和路径。Rural governance has always been a challenging problem in rural modernization. The fun-damental difficulty is to achieve both"democracy"and"effectiveness". The tension between these two notions dominates the evolution of rural governance since the reform and opening up. This paper explores the development and mechanisms between the two concepts in rural governance from the perspectives of public goods supply and population mobility. The tension is that one goal of"new rural construction"is"democratic management", while the strategic goal of rural revitalization is changed to"effective governance". While the public services are reaching down to grassroots levels in the rural area,"effective governance"seems to be more important than"democratic management". Simultaneously, population mobility in rural China highlights the importance of"effective governance". Although there is a tension between"effective governance"and democratic management, they are not exclusive. How we understand this tension depends on the definition of"effectiveness". As far as public service is concerned, if the principle of"democracy"is ignored, there will be a mismatch between supply and demand, hurting the"effectiveness."Only with the villagers’ democratic participation and expression can we achieve the improvement of people’s wellbeing. This paper explores the possible directions and paths of matching the two goals of democracy and effectiveness in rural governance from the practice of rural governance in the past 40 years.

关 键 词：乡村治理 公共服务 人口流动 民主管理 治理有效 

分 类 号：D422.6[政治法律—政治学]