俄罗斯2020年修宪前后的权力机制变迁  

Changes of Russia's power mechanism before and after the constitutional amendment in 2020

作　　者：郝龙 Hao Long

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院 [2]国立莫斯科大学

出　　处：《俄罗斯学刊》2020年第6期44-68,共25页Academic Journal of Russian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目《原苏联东欧地区发展现状与社会主义思潮研究》(项目批准号:12AGJ001)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：宪法改革一直与俄罗斯的政治走向紧密相连,2020年6月25日至7月1日,新的宪法修正案以“全民公投”的形式被最终确认。俄罗斯此次修宪,对宪法的内容进行了前所未有的大面积修改,主要体现在联邦立法、联邦行政、联邦司法检察和国家安全与稳定等四个方面,共涉及40多项条款,约占法条总数的1/3。其中,涉及国家权力结构变化的就有22项之多。客观上,修宪再次改变了联邦宪法中各权力主体之间的关系。虽然,在某种程度上增加了国家杜马和联邦委员会等公民代表机构的权力,改变了国家的集中型权力结构,加强了核心权力机构间的整体性均衡与协调性,还优化了中央联邦与地方政府的统一公共系统。但从实际效果来看,此次修正强化的是总统权力在俄罗斯国家权力实际运行中的主导地位,俄国家权力机构仍以联邦总统为核心。Constitutional reform is closely associated with Russia's political development.From June 25 to July 1,2020,the new constitutional amendment was finally aprroved through the referendum.This amendment makes an unprecedented large-scale revision in four main aspects,including federal legislation,federal administration,federal judicial prosecution,and national security and stability.More than 40 articles are involved,which accounts for approximately 1/3 of the total.Among them,22 articles are associated with changes of state power structure.Objectively,the amendment has once again changed the relationship between the various power subjects in the federal constitution.To some extent,it increases the power of citizens'representative bodies such as the State Duma and the Federal Council,changes the country's centralized power structure,strengthens the overall balance and coordination among the core power institutions,and optimizes the unified public system between the federation and local governments.However,in terms of real effects,this amendment has strengthened the dominant role of the President in the actual operation of Russia's state power and the state authority still centers on the President.

关 键 词：俄罗斯 2020 年宪法修正案 权力机制 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D77.512.2[政治法律—中外政治制度]