我国港口接收处理船舶压载水的挑战及对策  

The Challenges and Countermeasures of China's Ports Reception for Ballast Water

作　　者：张乾 宣昊 周鹏 樊春燕 赵海珍 ZHANG Qian;XUAN Hao;ZHOU Peng;FAN Chunyan;ZHAO Haizhen(Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]生态环境部环境工程评估中心,北京100012

出　　处：《环境影响评价》2020年第6期47-51,共5页Environmental Impact Assessment

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1404600,2017YFC1404605)。

摘　　要：船舶压载水是国际上公认的外来生物入侵的重要途径,是世界海洋生态环境面临的重大威胁之一。为使压载水排放满足国际公约规定的D-2标准,目前最主要的手段是在船舶上安装压载水管理系统,但船舶压载水管理系统普遍存在安装比例低、系统故障率高等问题,还有相当数量的船舶由于空间、电力负荷、使用价值等因素不能安装压载水管理系统,因此港口具备应急接收处理能力成为必需。本文分析了我国港口接收处理压载水面临的主要挑战,并以防控船舶压载水生物入侵、保护海洋生物多样性和维护海洋生态安全为目标,提出了尽快完善相关法律法规体系、建立健全陆海统筹的监管制度、加快制定我国压载水排放标准、推进港口接收处理方案的编制和应急能力的建设以及强化港口环评相关要求等对策和建议。Ballast water has been internationally recognized as an important way of biological invasions and is one of the major threats to the world's marine environment.At present,ships need to meet the discharge requirements of the Convention by installing ballast water treatment equipment.However,the low installation proportion and high failure rate of equipment have become the biggest obstacle to the implementation of the Convention.Meanwhile a considerable number of ships are not feasible to install ballast water treatment equipment due to space,power load,use value or some other issues.Therefore,it is necessary for ports to develop capacity of contingency reception.Challenges of port reception for ballast water were analyzed and the following suggestions are proposed:improve the regulatory and legal system,establish integrated land-sea environmental monitoring system,speed up the formulation of China's ballast water discharge standards,promote ports reception programming and contingency capacity-building,and strengthen the requirements of prevention and control of biological invasions during ports planning EIA and construction project EIA.

关 键 词：海洋生态保护 生物入侵 压载水排放 港口接收处理设施 应急措施 

分 类 号：X736[环境科学与工程—环境工程]