间作小麦秸秆还田对地膜覆盖玉米灌浆期冠层温度及光合生理特性的影响  

Effects of Intercropped Wheat Straw Retention on Canopy Temperature and Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics of Intercropped Maize Mulched with Plastic During Grain Filling Stage

作　　者：殷文[1] 柴强[1] 于爱忠[1] 赵财[1] 樊志龙[1] 胡发龙[1] 范虹 郭瑶[1] YIN Wen;CHAI Qiang;YU AiZhong;ZHAO Cai;FAN ZhiLong;HU FaLong;FAN Hong;GUO Yao(Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science/College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州730070

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第23期4764-4776,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31771738);甘肃省自然科学基金(20JR5RA025,20JR5RA008);中央引导地方科技发展专项(ZCYD-2020-1-4);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10)。

摘　　要：【目的】作物的光合生理特性是影响产量的重要因素,冠层温度反映作物冠层的能量平衡状况,与作物光合生理特性及产量形成密切相关。研究不同覆盖方式下作物冠层温度与光合生理特性及产量形成,旨在优化耕作制度,提高干旱内陆灌区作物生产潜力。【方法】2014—2016年,在西北干旱灌区,通过田间试验,研究不同小麦秸秆还田及地膜覆盖利用方式下,小麦间作玉米模式中玉米灌浆期的冠层温度及光合生理特性。【结果】间作较单作可降低玉米灌浆期的冠层温度,以免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割覆盖还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖(NTSI2),免耕小麦带25—30 cm高茬收割立茬还田与玉米带地膜2年覆盖(NTSSI2)处理降低效果更为显著,较传统耕作每年覆新膜单作(CTM)处理分别降低10.3%与7.5%,比传统翻耕小麦带无秸秆还田与玉米带每年覆新膜(CTI)处理分别降低7.6%与4.7%。从冠气温差可知,NTSI2处理随气温变化玉米灌浆期冠层温度变化较小,可减小气温变化对玉米生长发育造成的不利影响。间作较单作可增大玉米灌浆期的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及叶片水分利用效率(WUEL),以NTSI2、NTSSI2处理提高幅度较大,较CTM处理玉米Pn提高比例分别为23.0%与18.1%,较CTI处理提高比例分别为13.4%与8.9%;同理,与CTM处理相比,Tr分别提高7.9%与5.8%,与CTI处理相比,Tr分别提高6.1%与4.1%;NTSI2、NTSSI2处理WUEL较CTM处理提高14.4%与12.0%,较CTI提高7.2%与4.9%,呈现水分高效利用的潜势。相同的净占地面积下,间作较单作玉米具有增产效应,增产幅度达到52.2%,其中NTSI2、NTSSI2处理较CTM处理分别增产57.2%与53.4%,较CTI处理分别增产17.6%与14.7%,说明免耕地膜2年覆盖与秸秆还田同步应用于间作模式可进一步加强玉米增产效应。【结论】在河西绿洲灌区,集成应用免耕秸秆还田与地膜2年覆盖技术是实现高产高效间作模式的理想耕作【Objective】The photosynthetic and physiological characteristics are important factors affecting the yield of crops.The canopy temperature reflects the energy balance of crops,which is closely related to the photosynthetic physiology and yield formation of the crop.Study on crop canopy temperature,photosynthetic and physiological characteristics,and yield formation under different straw and plastic mulching methods is of great significance for optimizing cropping system and improving crop production potential in arid oasis irrigation areas.【Method】The field experiment was conducted in Hexi oasis irrigation region from 2014 to 2016,to determine the effects of straw retention and plastic mulching approaches on canopy temperature and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize in wheat-maize intercopping.【Result】Intercropping could reduce the canopy temperature of maize in the grain filling stage,compared to sole cropping.No-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw mulching in wheat strip and two-year plastic mulching in maize strip(NTSI2)and no-tillage with 25 to 30 cm straw standing in wheat strip and two-year plastic mulching in maize strip(NTSSI2)had significant effect at reducing the canopy temperature of maize,and reduced the canopy temperature of maize by 10.3%and 7.5%,respectively,compared to sole maize with annual new plastic mulching(CTM),which reduced canopy temperature by 7.6%and 4.7%,respectively,compared to conventional tillage without straw retention in wheat strip and annual new plastic mulching in maize strip(CTI).According to canopy-air temperature difference,it could be seen that NTSI2 treatment had less changes in canopy temperature with air temperature during maize filling stage,which could reduce the adverse effect of temperature change on the growth and development of maize.Intercropping could increase the photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr)and leaf water use efficiency(WUEL)during the grian-filling stage of maize,compared to sole cropping.The treatments on NTSI2 and NTSS

关 键 词：小麦间作玉米 秸秆还田 地膜覆盖 冠层温度 光合生理 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]