我国麦田有机肥替代化学氮肥的产量及经济环境效应  

Benefits of Yield,Environment and Economy from Substituting Fertilizer by Manure for Wheat Production of China

作　　者：李永华 武雪萍[2] 何刚[1] 王朝辉[1] LI YongHua;WU XuePing;HE Gang;WANG ZhaoHui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第23期4879-4890,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408)、国家自然科学基金(31902120)、西北农林科技大学科研启动项目(2452018110)。

摘　　要：【目的】有机肥替代是在维持作物产量的同时减少化学氮肥用量的关键措施之一。然而,有机肥替代化学氮肥的小麦产量效应、环境代价和经济效益的复杂联系尚不清楚。本研究通过系统分析,量化了有机肥替代的农学、环境和经济效应,旨在为有机肥替代技术在我国小麦生产中的应用提供参考。【方法】本研究利用文献调研方法,对2019年12月前经同行评议发表的涉及有机肥替代化学氮肥在小麦生产上应用的文献通过Meta分析,从农学、环境和经济角度评估有机肥替代的综合效益。【结果】有机肥替代处理在化学氮肥用量平均减少43%的条件下,未降低小麦产量。有机肥替代比例对小麦产量有巨大影响。在替代化肥比例<15%和15%—30%时,有机肥替代处理分别增产8%和5%,而在替代化肥比例>30%时,未显著增产。小麦生产的净经济效益受替代比例和替代有机肥类型影响。当有机肥替代比例<30%时,净经济效益无显著性差异;而当替代比例>45%时,牛粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,净经济效益减少18%和68%。有机肥替代使小麦生长季的NH3挥发减少24%、小麦收获期的土壤硝酸盐残留量减少16%,但使小麦生长季的N2O排放量增加了32%。进一步分析可知,土壤性质、有机肥类型、气候条件、试验持续年限、产量和施肥水平均可调控有机肥替代的小麦产量效应。与单施化肥相比,有机肥替代处理在SOM>15 g·kg^-1时显著增产4%,而在SOM≤15 g·kg^-1时无增产效应,在土壤pH<7时增产8%、而在土壤pH>7时无增产效应。当鸡粪、猪粪和商品有机肥作为替代有机肥时,有机肥替代处理分别增产6%、6%和4%,而牛粪作为替代有机肥时无增产效应。有机肥替代处理在年降雨量>600 mm区域显著增产4%,而在≤600 mm区域无增产效应。在年平均气温>15℃区域增产5%,而在年平均气温<15℃区域无增产效应。有机肥持续【Objective】Substituting fertilizer by manure is a key measure to reduce the amount of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer while maintaining yield.However,the complex relationships among grain yield,environmental costs,and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure were still not clear for wheat production.This study quantified the agronomic,environmental and economic benefits of substituting fertilizer by manure,aiming to provide a reference for the application of substituting fertilizer by manure for wheat production of China.【Method】In this study,the effects of substituting fertilizer by manure on the agronomic,environmental and economic benefits of wheat production in China were assessed through Meta-analysis.【Result】Substituting fertilizer by manure did not reduce wheat yield under the condition that the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by an average of 43%.The replacement ratio of manure was less than 15%and 15%-30%,and the yield significantly increased by 8%and 5%,respectively;while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 30%,the yield did not significantly increase.Net economic benefit of wheat production was influenced by the replacement ratio of manure and the type of substituted manure.The replacement ratio of manure was less than 30%,and the net economic benefit showed no significant diffidence;while the replacement ratio of manure was higher than 45%,net economic benefits decrease by 18%,68%when using cow manure and commercial manure as substituting fertilizer.Substituting fertilizer by manure reduced NH3 volatilization by 24%in whole wheat growing season,and decreased nitrate residue by 16%at wheat harvest stage,but increased N2O emission by 32%in whole wheat growing season.Further analysis indicated that soil properties,manure types,climatic conditions,test duration,yield and fertilization level could regulate wheat yield of substituted manure.Compared with application of chemical fertilizer treatment,the grain yield in substituting fertilizer by manure incr

关 键 词：有机肥替代比例 土壤性质 气候条件 N2O排放 NH3挥发 硝酸盐淋溶 产量 经济效益 

分 类 号：F326.11[经济管理—产业经济] S512.1[农业科学—作物学]