生物炭与无机氮配施对稻田温室气体排放及氮肥利用率的影响  

Effects of Biochar Plus Inorganic Nitrogen on the Greenhouse Gas and Nitrogen Use Efficiency from Rice Fields

作　　者：向伟 王雷 刘天奇 李诗豪 翟中兵 李成芳[1,2] XIANG Wei;WANG Lei;LIU TianQi;LI ShiHao;ZHAI ZhongBing;LI ChengFang(College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430070;Yangtze University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Major Grain Crops in Hubei Province,Jingzhou 434023,Hubei;Modern Agriculture Exhibition Center in Southeast Hubei Province,Wuxue 435415,Hubei)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点开放实验室,武汉430070 [2]长江大学/湖北省主要粮食作物协同创新中心,湖北荆州434023 [3]鄂东南现代农业展示中心,湖北武穴435415

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第22期4634-4645,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：“十三五”国家重点研究计划(2017YFD0301403);国家自然科学基金(31671637);湖北省自然科学基金(2018CFB608)。

摘　　要：【目的】生物炭作为比表面积大、富含有多种营养元素的一种物质已被广泛应用于农业生产。弄清生物炭与化肥氮配合施用对稻田温室气体排放和氮肥利用率的综合影响,为合理使用生物炭提供科学依据。【方法】在武穴市花桥镇进行两年大田试验,设置4个处理,即不施氮肥(CK)、常规施氮(180 kg·hm-2)(IF)、常规施氮+10 t·hm-2生物炭(IF+C)、减氮30%+10 t·hm-2生物炭(RIF+C)。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对2018和2019年水稻生长季节稻田CH4和N2O排放通量进行监测,并测定水稻产量,探讨生物炭配施不同量无机氮对稻田CH4和N2O排放、水稻产量以及氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】(1)稻季CH4和N2O排放呈现明显的季节性变化规律。CH4排放峰值主要出现在分蘖期和齐穗期,N2O排放峰值主要出现在氮肥施用和排水后。2018和2019年稻季各处理CH4排放通量分别为0.01—48.97mg·m-2·h-1和0.36—18.08 mg·m-2·h-1,N2O排放通量分别为-0.002—0.17 mg·m-2·h-1和0.01—0.28 mg·m-2·h-1。2018年各处理CH4和N2O的平均排放通量分别为6.17—7.16 mg·m-2·h-1和0.02—0.04 mg·m-2·h-1,2019年的分别为5.16—5.83 mg·m-2·h-1和0.05—0.08 mg·m-2·h-1。(2)与CK相比,无机氮肥的施用对CH4排放没有影响,但显著提高了N2O排放,增幅为32.6%—113.0%。与IF处理相比,生物炭与无机氮配施(IF+C、RIF+C)显著降低N2O排放,在2018年降幅为33.4%—43.1%,2019年为37.0%—39.5%,但对CH4排放的影响不显著,因此对全球增温潜势的影响不显著。生物炭与无机氮配施处理IF+C与RIF+C间CH4和N2O排放差异不显著。CH4排放是综合增温潜势(GWP)的主要贡献者,对GWP的贡献达84.4%—95.2%。(3)氮肥施用显著提高水稻产量,增幅达4.0%—6.0%。与IF处理相比,生物炭处理(IF+C、RIF+C)显著增加水稻产量,增幅达9.9%—11.9%。生物炭与无机氮配施处理IF+C与RIF+C间水稻产量差异不显著。与IF处理相比,IF+C、RIF+C处理氮�【Objective】Biochar has been widely used in agricultural production due to large specific surface area and high concentrations in a variety of nutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of biochar plus Inorganic nitrogen on the greenhouse gas and nitrogen use efficiency from rice fields, so as to provide a scientific basis for the proper use of biochar.【Method】A 2-years field trials in Huanqiao town Wuxue city were set up to investigate the effects of biochar combined with different amounts of inorganic nitrogen on CH4 and N2 O emissions, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency from paddy fields. Four treatments included no nitrogen(CK), conventional inorganic nitrogen(180 kg·hm-2)(IF), conventional inorganic nitrogen+10 t·hm-2 biochar(IF+C), and 30% reduction of inorganic nitrogen+10 t·hm-2 biochar(RIF+C). The CH4 and N2 O emission fluxes from paddy soils were determined by static chamber-gas chromatography method, and the grain yield was also determined.【Result】(1) There were obvious seasonal trends in CH4 and N2 O emissions during the rice growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. The CH4 fluxes peaked at the tillering and heading panicle stages, and the N2 O fluxes peaked just after N fertilization and field drainage. The CH4 fluxes ranged from 0.01 mg·m-2·h-1 to 48.97 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2018 and 0.36 mg·m-2·h-1 to 18.08 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2019, and the N2 O fluxes were-0.002-0.17 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2018, and 0.01-0.28 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2019. Average CH4 fluxes were 6.17-7.16 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2018 and 5.16-5.83 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2019, and average N2 O fluxes were 0.02-0.04 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2018 and 0.05-0.08 mg·m-2·h-1 in 2019.(2) Compared with CK, the application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers did not affect CH4 emissions, but increased N2 O emissions by 32.6%-113.0%. Compared with IF, biochar treatments(IF+C and RIF+C) did not affect CH4 emissions, but significantly decreased N2 O emissions by 33.4%-43.1% in 2018 and by 37.0%-39.5% in 2019. There was no difference in global warming potentia

关 键 词：生物炭 CH4 N2O 增温潜势 氮肥利用率 水稻产量 

分 类 号：S154.1[农业科学—土壤学] S511[农业科学—农业基础科学]