阿尔都塞对恩格斯的矛盾评价及其理论启示  

Althusser’s Contradictory Evaluations of Engels

作　　者：胡大平 Hu Daping

机构地区：[1]南京大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《马克思主义与现实》2020年第6期117-128,201,共13页Marxism & Reality

摘　　要：阿尔都塞解读马克思文本的症候阅读法以及对马克思主义历史科学性质的理解(特别是关于其对象的认识)都直接受到了恩格斯的启发。在阿尔都塞看来,正是恩格斯阐明了科学不在于给出答案而在于提出问题这一重要见解,给后世马克思主义认识论提供了"教科书"。不过,他又指认恩格斯始终囿于经验主义的意识形态而为后来人本主义和历史主义(决定论)的马克思主义解读路线打开了错误道路。这种"矛盾"的见解,乃是在20世纪60年代教条主义及其相反的人本主义语境下从"理论斗争"角度捍卫马克思主义科学性的权宜之计。其重要的理论和政治意义在于提出马克思主义思想史叙事的前提和原则问题,从而为理解诸如"青年马克思""马恩对立"等重大理论争论提供可靠的理论依据。同时,由于他后来检讨的"理论主义"错误,阿尔都塞实际上亦未能从马克思主义传播和发展史以及恩格斯具体写作语境深入后来被误解的文本,而只是以"经验主义认识之误"简单解释了恩格斯被误解的潜在原因。Althusser’s symptomatic reading on Marxian texts and understanding of Marxist science of history(especially its object)were inspired by Engels.For Althusser,it is Engels’insight about science that provides a textbook for understanding Marxism.Engels stated that the meaning of science doesn’t lie in answer but question.In addition,Althusser also argued that it is Engels who opened the wrong door for later readings which considered Marxism humanism and historicism,because he fell into the ideological trap of empirical ideology.This kind of reading on Engels is a contradiction,which was the theoretic expediency for guarding scientific Marxism under the condition of prevailing dogmatism and humanism in 1960s.Althusser put forward the question of precondition and principle for Marxist narrative of thoughts.His reading on Marx and Engels is of important theoretical and political meaning,which provides a reliable basis for responding to such questions as the young Marx,Engels opposing Marx,and so on.Unfortunately,because of his own"theoreticist deviation,"Althusser couldn’t explain the"unfortunate texts"(Althusser’s discourse)of Engels correctly.He simply attributed the misunderstanding of Engels to the error of empirical understanding.

关 键 词：恩格斯 阿尔都塞 经验主义认识论 意识形态和科学 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]