商品按价值出售与等量资本获得等量利润有矛盾吗?  

Is There a Contradiction between the Law of Value and the Law of Profit Equalization?

作　　者：冯金华 FENG Jinhua(Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,Shanghai 200433)

机构地区：[1]上海财经大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《中国经济问题》2020年第6期15-30,共16页China Economic Studies

摘　　要：传统政治经济学之所以认为当商品按价值出售时,等量资本无法获得等量的利润,而如果等量资本要获得等量的利润,商品就不能按价值出售,是因为它假定了资本有机构成不同的各个部门具有完全相同且固定不变的剩余价值率。但是,在利润平均化的过程中,随着资本的流动,各个部门的预付资本和产品价值都会变化,从而,剩余价值率和资本有机构成亦会变化。一般而言,剩余价值率和资本有机构成的变化最终会导致不同部门的以价值表示的利润率趋于一致,从而,在商品按价值出售时,这些部门的以价格表示的利润率最终亦会趋于一致,即等量资本最终可以获得等量的利润。因此,"相等的平均利润率"确实"能够并且必须""以价值规律为基础来形成"。价值规律不仅适用于利润平均化之前,而且也适用于利润平均化之后,不仅适用于简单商品经济,而且也适用于发达的资本主义商品经济。The reason why traditional political economy thinks that when the goods are sold by value,the same amount of capital cannot obtain the same amount of profit,and if the same amount of capital needs to obtain the same amount of profit,the goods cannot be sold at the value is because it assumes that different departments with different organic composition of capital have exactly the same and fixed residual value rate.However,in the process of profit equalization,with the flow of capital,the prepaid capital and product value of each department will change,so will the residual value rate and the organic composition of capital.Generally speaking,the change of the residual value rate and the organic composition of capital will eventually lead to the consistency of the profit rate expressed by value in different departments.Therefore,when the goods are sold by value,the profit rate expressed by price in these departments will eventually also tend to be the same,that is to say,the equal amount of capital can finally obtain the equal amount of profit.Therefore,the"equal average profit rate"does"can and must""form on the basis of the law of value".The law of value applies not only before but also after profit equalization.It applies not only to the simple commodity economy but also to the developed capitalist commodity economy.

关 键 词：价值规律 利润平均化规律 资本自由流动 价值利润率 价格利润率 

分 类 号：F014.3[经济管理—政治经济学]