华北平原不同种植制度对粮食作物氮素利用和土壤氮库的影响  

Effects of different cropping systems on food crop nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen pool in North China Plain

作　　者：吉艳芝[1] 徐明杰 巨晓棠[3] 董娴娴 张丽娟[1,2] Ji Yanzhi;Xu Mingjie;Ju Xiaotang;Dong Xianxian;Zhang Lijuan(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071000,China;Hongjie Di Soil and Environment Laboratory,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071000,China;College of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Qianan Jingan Dahua Testing Station,Qianan 064400,China;Hebei Huaqing Environmental Technology Group Co.,Ltd.,Shijiazhuang 050011,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院,保定071000 [2]河北农业大学邸洪杰土壤与环境实验室,保定071000 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [4]迁安京安大华检测站,迁安064400 [5]河北华清环境科技集团股份有限公司,石家庄050011

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2020年第19期86-96,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300905)。

摘　　要：冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物的主要种植制度,存在氮肥利用率低、土壤氮素过量累积问题。为探索华北平原氮素高效利用的适宜种植制度,采用15N示踪技术,基于3 a田间定位试验,对一年两熟冬小麦-夏玉米的常规水氮和优化水氮、两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米与冬小麦-夏大豆-春玉米及一年一熟春玉米3种种植制度的作物产量、15N利用率、氮素去向和土壤氮库表观平衡进行研究。结果表明,两年三熟的冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米产量为32248.52 kg/hm^2,分别比一年两熟和一年一熟提高22.16%和52.88%;15N利用率为33.36%,比一年一熟提高26.12%。3种种植制度的氮肥去向最高为土壤残留,其次为作物吸收和损失,两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米的作物吸氮量最高为151.82 kg/hm^2,土壤氮库表观盈余量为21.22 kg/hm^2,显著低于其他种植制度。综合分析,冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米两年三熟在稳产高产和提高氮素利用率上具有可持续的潜力,是华北平原未来较为理想的种植制度。Water and fertilizer utilization efficiency are subject to the planting system.Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping is an important rotation system mainly practiced in the North China Plain,low fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency and excessive accumulation of soil nitrogen in the rotation system.A three-year field experiment was conducted from October 2010 to October 2013 in North China Plain.To explore the suitable planting system for efficient utilization of nitrogen in north China plain,the 15N tracer technology was used as a quantitative method to study the crop yield,15N utilization rate,nitrogen destination and soil nitrogen pool apparent equilibrium under the three planting system of double cropping a year of winter wheat-summer maize with traditional and optimized water and nitrogen management,three cropping systems in two years of winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize rotation or winter wheat-summer soybean-spring maize rotation,and one crop per year of spring maize.The results showed that the yield of three cropping systems in two years of winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize was 32248.52 kg/hm^2,which was 22.16%and 52.88%higher than that of two crops and one crop in one year.The utilization rate of 15N was 33.36%,which was 26.12%higher than that of one harvest a year.The contribution rate and transference of nitrogen in a two-year triple cropping system was greater than double cropping,the amount of nitrogen transfer of four crops was showed that soil nitrogen higher than that of fertilizer nitrogen.The highest rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the three cropping systems was soil residue,followed by crop absorption and loss,the ratio of crop absorption,soil residue and loss in double cropping a year of winter wheat-summer maize with traditional water and nitrogen treatment was about 2:6:2,the ratio in a crop per year of spring maize treatment was 3:6:1,and the ratio in others treatments was about 3:5:2.The maximum amount of nitrogen absorption of winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize was 151.82 kg

关 键 词：作物 土壤 氮 种植制度 华北平原 

分 类 号：S158.3[农业科学—土壤学]