磁约束核聚变装置等离子体与壁相互作用研究简述  

Brief review of the interactions between plasma and walls in magnetic controlled fusion devices

作　　者：胡建生[1] 左桂忠 王亮 丁锐 余耀伟 张洋 徐伟[1] HU Jiansheng;ZUO Guizhong;WANG Liang;DING Rui;YU Yaowei;ZHANG Yang;XU Wei(Institute of Plasma Physics,Hefei Institutes of Physical Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hefei 230031,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所,安徽合肥230031

出　　处：《中国科学技术大学学报》2020年第9期1193-1217,共25页JUSTC

基　　金：国家杰出青年科学基金(11625524);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFA0402500)资助.

摘　　要：可控聚变能具有安全、清洁、燃料丰富等优点,是解决人类未来能源问题的主要选择之一.在磁约束核聚变装置中,来自高温等离子体的强热流、强粒子流与直接面对等离子体的器壁之间产生的强烈相互作用,不仅会导致第一壁损伤,产生杂质,污染等离子体,引起等离子体能量辐射损失与等离子体约束性能降低,同时滞留在壁上的燃料粒子再循环直接影响等离子体密度控制.稳态控制等离子体与壁相互作用对于实现长脉冲高参数的等离子体至关重要,其主要研究内容包括面对等离子体壁材料的选择及其表面处理以控制燃料粒子再循环与杂质产生,控制来自等离子体的强粒子流和热流以减少壁材料损伤,以及发展高效冷却结构以快速移除沉积在壁上的高热负载等.经过数十年发展,特别在我国EAST超导托卡马克上,研究了石墨、钨、铍、钼等壁材料与结构,发展了壁表面清洗与涂覆改性技术,提出了多种控制等离子体热流的先进方法,初步开展了流动液态金属壁的研究,取得了重要进展,有效控制等离子体与壁相互作用,促进了长脉冲高参数等离子体的实现与性能提高.针对具有更高热负荷、更长脉冲以及高能量中子辐照等特点的长时间不间断运行的未来聚变堆,等离子体与壁相互作用稳态控制仍然面临严峻挑战.Controllable fusion energy,with its advantages of safety,cleanness and abundant fuel source,is considered one of the main alternatives for humans to solve the energy problem in the future.In a magnetic confinement fusion device,the high heat and particle flux released from high temperature plasma would strongly interact with the plasma-facing components(PFCs).The interaction would damage the PFCs and produce impurities that degrade plasma confinement.Meanwhile,the increased recycling of the fuel particles trapped on the walls would affect the control of plasma density.The control of the interaction between the plasma and walls is of vital importance to the achievement of long pulse plasmas with high parameters.The research efforts in this area have mainly focused on the choice of suitable plasma facing materials,effective treatment of PFCs surface,reduction of particle and heat flux released from plasma,and increasing heat exhaust with the help of developing efficient cooling structures of PFCs.After decades of research,especially in EAST superconducting tokamak in China,a series of great advances have been made.The various wall materials,such as graphite,tungsten,beryllium and molybdenum,have been studied;a few effective methods for wall surface cleaning and coating have been developed;a variety of advanced methods to reduce the heat flux released from plasma have been successfully explored;various structures of PFCs to increase heat exhaust have been designed and tested.The results of these investigations have been successfully explored in EAST,effectively promoting the achievement of the world record of high confinement mode plasma with long durations,more than 100 s.The control of the interaction between plasma and walls is still facing big challenges for the future fusion reactors with a high energy neutron irradiation,a much higher heat load and much longer plasma pulse than that in the present tokamaks.

关 键 词：磁约束核聚变 等离子体与壁相互作用 EAST超导托卡马克 

分 类 号：O53[理学—等离子体物理] TL631.2[理学—物理]