边墙格局与苗疆社会——基于清代湘西苗疆边墙的历史学考察  

Border Wall Pattern and Miao Society:A Historical Investigation Based on the Border Wall of Miao Area in Western Hunan Province in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：陈文元 CHEN Wen-yuan(School of Ethnology and History,Guizhou Minzu University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025)

机构地区：[1]贵州民族大学民族学与历史学学院,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第6期149-159,共11页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“南方少数民族国家认同与民族团结的历史文献整理与研究”(项目编号:17ZDA154)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清初,清廷秉持"教化训导"苗民的政策,两次罢议重修边墙,并未划分苗汉疆界。但"苗乱"仍行,至乾隆六十年(1795),最终爆发了乾嘉苗民起义。此次起义引发的震动,使清廷意识到苗疆问题的重要性和苗汉关系的复杂性,开始更全面和整体地思考苗疆治理。因而,为疏导苗汉矛盾,调和族群关系,防止汉民滋扰苗民,稳定苗疆统治,清廷转变治理思路,基于明朝边墙旧址再筑110余里边墙,又增修汛堡、屯卡、碉楼、哨台、炮台、关厢、关门等1177座边防设施,构成边墙与边防体系,增强治安管理,划分民、苗界址,实行苗汉分治。边墙的核心是实现军事控制,但与明代极大不同的是,清廷围绕边墙与边防体系建立起一套基于政治统治、军事管控、经济开发与社会建设于一体的"治军""治吏""治民"工程,提升了修建边墙的格局。因边墙与边防体系,苗疆形成新的社区划分、新的治理格局及新的经济文化秩序,苗疆的历史进程由此改变。至清末,从苗汉分治到苗汉共融,边墙的区分与管控映衬了王朝国家的开拓历史与统治实践,展现了传统中国治理民族地方的政治逻辑。相关研究既要客观、辩证、历史地看待苗疆边墙,更应以"墙"为"诫",总结吸收传统中国的统治智慧。In the early Qing Dynasty,the Qing government adhered to the policy of"educating and instructing the Miao people",twice dismissed the discussion on reconstructing the border wall,thus the borderline was not set up between the Miao and the Han ethnic groups.But due to the chaotic situation of the Miao area,by 1795 during Qianlong emperor’s reign,the Miao uprising finally broke out.The uprising shocked and alerted the Qing Dynasty to realize the importance of the Miao border problem and the complexity of the Miao-Han relationship,which required the authority to think more comprehensively and holistically about the governance of Miao border area.Therefore,in order to deluge the contradictions between the Miao and Han ethnic groups,improve ethnic relations,prevent the Han people from disturbing the Miao people,stabilize the Miao people’s rule,and then change the management idea,the authority built more than 55 km inner walls based on the old wall constructed during the Ming Dynasty,and built 1177 border defense facilities,such as fort,block,watchtower,battery,and etc.to form the border wall and border defense system,strengthen public security management,divide the Han and Miao residences.The core of the border wall is for military control,but very different from the Ming Dynasty,the Qing Dynasty established a set of"military ruling","official ruling"and"people ruling"programs based on political rule,military control,economic development and social construction around the border wall and the border defense system.To the end of the Qing Dynasty,it attained the integration of Miao and Han from the division of Miao and Han.The distinction and control of the border wall set off the pioneering history and ruling practice of the dynastic country,and showed the political logic of the traditional Chinese governance of the areas.We should not only look at the Miao border wall objectively,dialectically and historically,but also take"wall"as"commandment"to sum up and absorb the ruling wisdom of traditional China.

关 键 词：苗疆边墙 边墙格局 苗疆社会 

分 类 号：K249.3[历史地理—历史学]