从例的修订看清代治理模式:以《大清律例》《会典事例》为主的分析  

Amending the Central Regulations(Li) and the governance of the Qing Dynasty: An Analysis Based on Great Qing Code(Da Qing Lü Li) and The Collected Statutes and Precedents(Huidian Shili)

作　　者：彭凯翔[1] 林展[2] PENG Kaixiang;LIN Zhan(School of Economics,Henan University;Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学经济学院,开封475001 [2]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《清史研究》2020年第6期53-72,共20页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“清代债务命案研究”(项目号:19CZS032)的支持。

摘　　要：对于清代例的修订,它在数量上的不断增长引人瞩目,学界从不同的角度对此予以了解释。本文发现,清代例的增长并不持续,各类例之间亦存在差异。律例的增长主要是在乾隆中期以前实现的,在这之后即出现了中落,而部院则例的增速下降相对更弱,且不如律例持续。随着数量的变化,例的结构亦有变化,"因案生例"相比"因言生例"的重要性上升,《大清律例》呈现出"刑律化"的倾向。同时,中央部门的例始终以"治吏"为主体,但通过"治吏"也规范了地方的官民关系,使得民间的规范有一定的空间上升为地方层面的法规范,从而实现更加有弹性的治理。The continuous growth of regulations (li) in the Qing Dynasty has been documented and explained by voluminous literature.However,this paper finds that this literature does not capture the full picture.The upward trend in the number of new regulations (li) in the Great Qing Code (Da Qing Lü Li) was not sustained throughout the entire Qing Dynasty.Additionally,the patterns in the growth of new regulations (li) were of different for various types of regulations.The growth of regulations (Li) mainly occurred before the middle period of the Qianlong reign,but afterwards there was a decline.However,the decline in the growth rate of new regulations and precedents (zeli) of the central government departments of the bureaucracy was relatively weaker and not as sustained as regulations (li) in the Great Qing Code.With the change in the number,the structure of the regulations (li) has also changed.The importance of "enacting regulations based on cases" increased compared with "enacting regulations based on high rank officers’ suggestions." The tendency toward "criminalization" in the Great Qing Code was also strengthened.In the meantime,"governing officials" remained the main source of central regulations for the Great Qing Code.Governing officials also shaped the relationship between local government and society,and this provided room for private regulations to gain legal validity indirectly.This source of legislation increased the adaptability of the governance of the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：《大清律例》 《会典事例》 则例 修例 治理模式 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]