“是官当敬”?——检视十八世纪重庆商业诉讼的政治风险问题  

“All Officials Are to Be Respected”?Unveiling the Political Risks of Commercial Litigation in Eighteenth-Century Chongqing

作　　者：邱澎生 CHIU Pengsheng(Department of History,Shanghai Jiao Tong University)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学历史系,上海200240

出　　处：《清史研究》2020年第6期73-84,共12页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：香港研究资助局研究计划成果(项目编号:14607917,GRF 2017-2018)。

摘　　要：商业交易因为违约、欺诈而带来商业风险,商人可透过诉讼以降低这种商业风险。在特定政治环境下,商人诉讼也可能面临官吏勒索钱财的政治风险。面对诉讼降低商业风险但却可能提高政治风险的两难,明清商人如何权衡与选择?本文分析商业书提出"是官当敬"这类劝诫商人减少诉讼的话语背景,并由十八世纪重庆商业讼案反映商人诉讼策略与官员审理方式的变化,论证清代商业诉讼的制度变迁,以呈现市场经济冲击清代司法制度进而影响商人重估商业与政治风险的历史变化。Commercial transactions bring commercial risk such as breach of contract and fraud.Merchants can reduce this risk through litigation.However,under certain political circumstances,businessmen who engage in litigation may run the risk of extortion by officials.Faced with the dilemma that litigation may reduce commercial risks but increase political risks,how did Ming and Qing merchants weigh their options and choose?This article not only analyzes the discourse of business handbooks that exhorted businessmen to reduce litigation,as seen in aphorisms such as "all officials are to be respected",but also investigates the merchant strategies and official adjudications found in several commercial lawsuits in eighteenth-century Chongqing.In so doing,the article demonstrates institutional change in Qing commercial litigation and shows the historical process through which the marketization of the economy impacted the Qing justice system and led merchants to reevaluate commercial and political risk.

关 键 词：商业诉讼 商业书 政治风险 商业风险 重庆 清代 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]