从生成到涌现:运动员竞技能力系统演化的动力学模式  

From generation to emergence:the dynamic model of athletes’competitive ability system evolution

作　　者：仇乃民[1] 李少丹[2] QIU Naimin;LI Shaodan(Yancheng Institute of Technology, Center for the Complexity of Sports Training Science, Yancheng 224051,Jiangsu China;Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084, China)

机构地区：[1]盐城工学院运动训练科学复杂性研究中心,江苏盐城224051 [2]北京体育大学,北京100084

出　　处：《山东体育学院学报》2020年第5期1-8,共8页Journal of Shandong Sport University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(19BTY103)。

摘　　要：传统竞技能力科学研究主要是机械的、还原的构成论研究进路。然而,竞技能力系统是复杂系统,运动员竞技能力的发展是无限的,是不断生成的,而不是构成,其实质是一种涌现动力学过程。由此,竞技能力科学理论研究应转向涌现生成论研究进路。运用概念辨析、逻辑思维、系统分析与个案分析等方法对竞技能力系统生成的涌现过程进行考察,通过揭示竞技能力结构要素和相互关系,及其各组成部分的动态行为及其规律,力图一定程度地把握竞技能力复杂系统的生成过程及其原理。研究认为,复杂网络是竞技能力系统的各要素相互作用、相互联系而展现其时空排列、组合方式及其动力学的表现形式。竞技能力系统的生成涌现性源于其网络结构的组分(部分、子能力)之间、层次之间、整体与环境之间的相互作用、相互激发的结果。竞技能力系统涌现生成的机理是其生成主体(体能、技能、战术、心理、智能)规模效应、非线性作用、环境约束的自组织适应和受限(专项训练手段、或竞赛规则、生物规律、个体特征等)生成等共同作用的结果。面对运动员竞技能力系统的涌现生成现象与行为,教练员或运动员在运动训练实践的过程中应具有整体性、关系性、非线性与过程性等生成论训练思维或方法。The traditional competitive ability system theory and practice research is mainly the mechanical and reductive research approach.However,the competitive ability system of athletes is a complex system,and its generativity is important attribute,while the essence of the athletic ability system is an emergent dynamic process.Therefore,the scientific research on competitive ability should turn to the research approach of emergence theory.In this paper,concept discrimination,logical thinking,system analysis and case analysis are used to investigate the emergence process of the complex system of competitive ability.By revealing the structural elements and interrelations of competitive ability,as well as the dynamic behaviors and laws of its components,the author tries to grasp the generation process and principles of the complex system of competitive ability in the whole process.Complex network is the expression form of time and space arrangement,combination mode and dynamics of all elements of competitive ability system.The emergence of competitive ability system results from the interaction and mutual stimulation among the components(parts and sub abilities),levels,and the whole and environment of its network structure.The mechanism of emergence of competitive ability system is the result of scale effect,nonlinear effect,self-organization adaptation of environmental constraints and restriction(special training means,or competition rules,biological laws,individual characteristics,etc.)of generating subjects(physical ability,skills,tactics,psychology,intelligence).In the face of the emergence and formation phenomenon and behavior of athletes'competitive ability system,coaches or athletes should have such generative training thoughts or methods as wholeness,relation,nonlinearity and process in the process of sports training practice.

关 键 词：运动训练 竞技能力系统 构成 涌现生成 

分 类 号：G808.1[文化科学—体育训练]