栽培模式与施氮量对棉田节肢动物群落结构及稳定性的影响  

Effects of Cultivation Mode and Nitrogen Application Rate on the Structure and Stability of Animal Community in Cotton Field

作　　者：姜义平 肖留斌[1] 赵静[1] 谭永安[1] 邱晨 JIANG Yiping;XIAO Liubin;ZHAO Jing;TAN Yongan;QIU Chen(Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院植物保护研究所,南京210014

出　　处：《新疆农业科学》2020年第12期2280-2290,共11页Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划"棉花化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范"(2017YDF0201900);国家农业产业技术体系(CARS-15-19)。

摘　　要：【目的】分别在长江下游沿海棉区(大丰)和沿江棉区(南京),以早熟常规棉中棉所50号为材料,研究不同栽培模式和施氮量双因素对棉田节肢动物群落结构及稳定性的影响。【方法】直播棉田以棉花3叶期为起始日期,移栽棉田以移栽后第3 d为起始日期,采用随机调查法,调查整株棉花所有器官,记录棉株上节肢动物的种类及数量。【结果】栽培措施对棉田天敌亚群落个体数及益害比作用显著,且趋势一致,移栽棉田更有利于天敌发生,益害比更高,不同施氮量对棉田昆虫无明显影响。棉田中主要是棉蚜、烟粉虱、绿盲蝽和花蓟马等刺吸式害虫,主要天敌草蛉、蜘蛛和瓢虫。棉蚜、朱砂叶螨、花蓟马、烟粉虱和绿盲蝽在8月中下旬和9月上中旬发生数量较集中,其中直播棉田棉蚜、朱砂叶螨发生数量相对较多,移栽棉田花蓟马和绿盲蝽发生量相对较多,不增施氮肥棉田花蓟马发生数量相对较多,烟粉虱在棉田间均有发生,且数量较多。草蛉在8月下旬和9月上中旬发生数量大。6月下旬和7月上中旬蜘蛛和瓢虫发生数量大。其中移栽棉田蜘蛛和瓢虫发生量相对较多,增施氮肥棉田草蛉和瓢虫发生数量相对较多。害虫亚群落在南京移N0棉田中多样性指数和均匀度指数显著高于直N0棉田,优势集中性指数则相反;天敌亚群落在大丰移N10棉田多样性指数和均匀度指数显著高于直N0棉田,优势集中性指数则相反。【结论】棉田昆虫消长动态及发生量因栽培措施和施氮量不同而略有差异。害虫亚群落在移栽方式且不施氮肥的棉田中群落稳定性最高,而天敌亚群落在移栽且增施氮肥的棉田中稳定性最高。节肢动物群落稳定性在各处理间无显著差异。【Objective】Different cultivation patterns and fertilization levels may affect the growth of cotton and then affect the occurrence of field pests.In this study,early maturing conventional cotton 50 was taken as material to study the effects of different cultivation patterns and nitrogen application on the community structure and stability ofarthropod communities in cotton field i n Dafeng,a coastal cotton area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and Nanjing,a cotton area along the Yangtze River.【Method】The investigation experiment was started at the 3-leaf stage of the cotton in direct seeding cotton fields,and the investigation was started on the 3rd day after cotton transplanting in transplant cotton fields.A random survey was used to look at all organs of the cotton plant and record the species and numbers of all arthropods on the cotton plants.【Result】Compared with the amount of nitrogen application,the effects of different cultivation measures on the number of individuals and the ratio of natural enemies and pests in cotton fields were significant,and the trends were consistent.Compared with the direct seeding cotton field,the transplanting cotton field was more conducive to the occurrence of natural enemies,and the ratio of natural enemies and pests was higher.Different nitrogen fertilizer application date had no significant effect on cotton field insects.The results of relative abundance showed that aphis gossypii,cotton whitefly,cotton plant-bug and thrips were the main pests in the cotton fields,and chrysopids,spider and ladybird were the main natural enemies.The population dynamics of main pests showed that cotton aphid,cotton spider mite,cotton thrip,cotton whitefly and cotton plant-bug were concentrated in mid and late August and early and mid-September.There were more cotton aphid and cotton spider mite in direct seeding cotton field.The numbers of cotton thrip and cotton plant-bug were more in the transplanted cotton field.The number of cotton thrip was relatively large in the cotto

关 键 词：棉花 氮肥 栽培方式 群落结构 多样性指数 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S435.6