环境侵权损害惩罚性赔偿制度的规制——基于《民法典》第1232条的省思  

Regulation of the Punitive Damages System in the Environmental Tort Damage:Based on the Reflection of Article 1232 of the Civil Code

作　　者：陈学敏 CHEN Xuemin(Tianjin University Law School)

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《中国政法大学学报》2020年第6期57-69,207,共14页Journal Of CUPL

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目——“国家治理现代化视域下的生态环境保护法律体系研究”(项目批准号:20ZDA089)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第1232条将惩罚性赔偿明确引入环境侵权领域。其虽从违法性、故意性、严重性、直接性及相关性等方面对该制度的适用设置了较高的门槛,但从我国当前整个环境法律责任体系看,实无太大必要采用惩罚性赔偿。为将环境侵权损害惩罚性赔偿可能造成的过度赔偿、重复赔偿等负面影响降至最低,可从举证责任分配、惩罚性赔偿金的计算、环境法律责任的竞合、惩罚性赔偿金的归属及管理、使用和惩罚性赔偿的履行保障等方面对环境侵权损害惩罚性赔偿进行约束和规范。总之,在环境侵权诉讼中应慎用惩罚性赔偿,更不宜将惩罚性赔偿扩大至生态环境损害赔偿诉讼或者环境民事公益诉讼中。Article 1232 of the Civil Code clearly introduces punitive damages into the field of environmental tort.Although it has set a higher threshold for the application of this system in terms of illegality,intentionality,seriousness,directness and relevance,etc.,from the perspective of current entire environmental legal liability system in our country,it is not too much necessary to adopt punitive damages.In order to minimize the negative effects of excessive and repeated compensation that may be caused by punitive damages for environmental tort,it can restrict and regulate this system by the distribution of the burden of proof,the calculation of punitive damages,the concurrence of environmental legal responsibilities,the attribution and the management,use of punitive damages,and the guarantee to perform punitive damages.In a word punitive damages should be used with caution in environmental tort litigation,and it is not appropriate to extend its range to ecological environmental damage compensation litigation or environmental civil public interest litigation.

关 键 词：环境侵权 惩罚性赔偿 民法典 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]