区块链系统中的分布式数据管理技术--挑战与展望  

The Challenge and Prospect of Distributed Data Management Techniques in Blockchain Systems

作　　者：于戈 聂铁铮 李晓华 张岩峰 申德荣 鲍玉斌 YU Ge;NIE Tie-Zheng;LI Xiao-Hua;ZHANG Yan-Feng;SHEN De-Rong;BAO Yu-Bin(School of Computer Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110169)

机构地区：[1]东北大学计算机科学与工程学院,沈阳110169

出　　处：《计算机学报》2021年第1期28-54,共27页Chinese Journal of Computers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB1003404);国家自然科学基金(U1811261,61672142)辽宁省科学技术基金(20180550321)资助.

摘　　要：区块链是在数字加密货币的应用基础之上发展起来的一种分布式数据库技术.区块链系统具有去中心化、不可篡改、分布共识、可溯源和最终一致性等特点,这使其可以用于解决不可信环境下数据管理问题.区块链独特的数据管理功能已经成为各领域应用中发挥区块链价值的关键.本文基于对比特币、以太坊、超级账本等代表性区块链系统的研究分析,阐述区块链系统中分布式数据管理技术.首先,深入讨论区块链系统与传统分布式数据库系统之间的异同点,从分布式部署模式、节点角色、链拓扑结构等多个方面给出区块链的分类.然后,详细分析各类区块链系统所使用的数据存储结构、分布式查询处理与优化技术及其优缺点.最后,总结区块链系统的分布式数据管理技术在各专门领域应用中所面临的挑战和发展趋势.Blockchain is a technique of distributed database which is developed with the applications of digital encrypted currency.A blockchain system has the characteristics of decentralization,non-tampering,distributed consensus,provenance and eventual consistency,which makes it be applied to solve data management problems of the untrusted environments.The data management function of a blockchain system has already become the important feature for playing its value in the applications of different domains.Blockchain systems make every node contain a complete copy of ledger data,and use distributed consensus algorithms to ensure the consistency of data.Therefore,a blockchain system is a new kind of distributed data management systems compared with traditional distributed database systems.With analyzing the representative blockchain systems including Bitcoin,Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric,this paper focuses on the distributed data management techniques in existing blockchain systems,which covers query processing,smart contract,network communication,and data storage layers in the architecture of blockchain systems.This paper first discusses the main differences and similarities between a blockchain system and a traditional distributed database system.Just like a distributed database system,a blockchain system has features of distribution,transparency,autonomy and scalability on managing data,but it is also different from most of distributed database systems on topologic,data distribution,query processing,consistency and security mechanism.Then,this paper presents the classification of blockchain systems on different aspects of distributed deployment styles,node roles and topological structures.With the development of blockchain technology,blockchain systems are designed to adapt blockchain application environments.The models of public blockchain,consortium blockchain and private blockchain are proposed,and functions of blockchain are regrouped and deployed to make nodes play different roles in a system.Moreover,the multipl

关 键 词：区块链 分布式数据管理 数据存储 查询处理 

分 类 号：TP311[自动化与计算机技术—计算机软件与理论]