采煤机技术发展历程(七)——截割机构  

The development history of coal shearer technology(Part seven)--cutting devices

作　　者：葛世荣 Ge Shirong(School of Mechanical,Electrical&Information Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Haidian,Beijing 100083,China;Institute of Intelligent Mines&Robotics,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Haidian,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学(北京)机电与信息工程学院,北京市海淀区100083 [2]中国矿业大学(北京)智慧矿山与机器人研究院,北京市海淀区100083

出　　处：《中国煤炭》2020年第12期15-29,共15页China Coal

摘　　要：截割机构是采煤机自动化、智能化切削煤层的关键装置,必须具备高截割性、高可靠性、高智能性的“三高”能力。由于截割机构的功耗约占采煤机装机功率的80%以上,故障率占到采煤机故障率的50%以上,近百年来国内外对采煤机截割机构进行了不断的改进和创新,包括截割滚筒构型、截齿构型、耐磨截齿、截割滚筒降尘技术等,截割机构也从链条截齿式发展为滚筒截齿式。截割滚筒从鼓形滚筒诞生之后,经历了自装载滚筒、螺旋滚筒、自切入滚筒、强力滚筒的发展变革。截齿构型发展经历了5个阶段,分别是刀形截齿、镐形截齿、强力截齿、尖头镐形截齿、大截深刀齿。截齿耐磨寿命对于采煤机可靠性影响很大,目前已发展了三代耐磨截齿,第一代是硬质合金截齿,第二代是复合耐磨截齿,第三代是聚晶金刚石截齿。由于滚筒采煤机的应用增大了工作面粉尘生成量,因此研发出截割工艺减尘、滚筒喷雾降尘、吸尘滚筒除尘等抑尘技术;目前多采用外喷雾和二次负压联合降尘技术。首次从虎爪结构仿生角度探讨了截齿及截割机构的发展路径,认为未来采煤机截割机构的仿生设计是实现高截割性、高可靠性、高智能性的新路径。Cutting device of coal shearer is important for automatic and intelligent cutting of coal seam.It must have three high abilities as the high cutting ability,high reliability and high intelligence.Since the power consumption and failure rate of the cutting device account for more than 80%and 50%for the shearer,continuous improvements and innovations had been made at home and abroad in the past hundred years.The innovative work included cutting drum configuration,configuration and wear-resistant technology of cutting tooth,cutting coal dust removal technology and so on.In the past time,the cutting device developed from the chain cutting to the drum cutting.Since the birth of the cutting drum,it has undergone the reformation of self-loading drum,spiral drum,self-cutting drum and strong drum.The development of the cutting tooth configuration has five stages as the flat cutter,the pick,the strong pick,the pointed pick and the deep cutter.The wear-resisting life of the cutter has a great influence on the reliability of the shearer.At present,three generations of wear-resisting cutter have been developed,the first is the carbide cutter pick,the second is the composite wear-resisting cutter,and the third is the polycrystal diamond cutter.The application of the drum shearer increases the dust amount in the working face,in order to solve this problem,the dust reduction technologies have been developed,such as less dust cutting operation,dust removal by the drum spray or the suction drum.At present,the combined dust removal technologies by external spray and negative pressure are mostly used.In this paper,the development path of cutting gear and cutting device from the bionics of tiger claw structure was firstly discussed and it was thought that the bionics design would be beneficial to realize high cutting ability,high reliability and high intelligence for the coal shearer cutting device.

关 键 词：采煤机 发展历程 截割机构 滚筒构型 截齿构型 耐磨截齿 降尘技术 仿生截齿设计 

分 类 号：TD421.67[矿业工程—矿山机电]