基于冬灌咸水的滨海重盐碱地植棉的施肥策略  

Fertilization strategies for cotton planted in coastal severe saline-alkali soils based on irrigation with saline water in winter

作　　者：杨莉琳 于海英 侯建伟 朱向梅 YANG Lilin;YU Haiying;HOU Jianwei;ZHU Xiangmei(College of Agroforestry Engineering and Planning,Tongren University,Tongren 554300,Guizhou,China)

机构地区：[1]铜仁学院农林工程与规划学院,贵州铜仁554300

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）》2020年第6期748-758,共11页Journal of Zhejiang University:Agriculture and Life Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31270521);贵州省教育厅创新群体重大项目(黔教合KY字〔2016〕053号);贵州省科技计划(黔科合基础〔2019〕1312);铜仁学院博士基金(trxyDH1525);铜仁学院农业生态创新研究团队项目(CXTD[2020-10])。

摘　　要：为探索利用滨海重盐碱地及咸水资源种植棉花的科学施肥技术,在河北低平原区的滨海重盐碱地开展为期4年的冬季灌溉咸水种植棉花的施肥技术定位试验研究,包括肥料剂型[控释(失)肥、传统肥]、施肥方式(一次性基施、基施+追施)和施肥量(高量、低量)。结果表明:抽取当地地下咸水冬季灌溉可使翌年春季棉花播种前土壤0~20 cm耕层盐分含量下降到2.0 g/kg以下,保障了棉花种子发芽和出苗。重盐碱地种植棉花首选含N-P-K及凹凸棒土的控失肥作为基肥一次性施用;如果选用传统肥料尿素与过磷酸钙,则应增施硫酸钾肥料,且所有肥料均作为基肥于播种前一次性施用;等氮量尿素作为基肥一次性施用比2次(基肥+追肥)施用对籽棉增产效果显著,花铃期追施尿素会引起棉花收获后土壤中无机N和盐分含量增加。重盐碱地施肥量过高会抑制棉花的营养生长进而降低籽棉产量。华北低平原滨海重盐碱地种植棉花的水肥技术为:播种前于冬季结冰期抽取当地地下咸水灌溉,灌溉量为100~180 mm,春季播种前一次性施用肥料的合理用量为N 169 kg/hm^2,P2O565 kg/hm^2,K2O 78 kg/hm^2,肥料剂型宜首选控失肥;在该水肥技术下,重盐碱地的籽棉产量为3.0~3.2 t/hm^2。本研究结果可为重盐碱地及其地下咸水资源的开发利用、耐盐适生棉花的节肥增产与绿色高效种植提供理论依据及技术支撑。This study focused on exploring the optimal fertilization strategies for cotton planted in coastal severe saline-alkali soils based on irrigation with saline water in winter.A four-year positional experiment was conducted on cotton based on irrigating saline water in lower plain of Hebei,including fertilizer types(controlledrelease/loss-control fertilizer and traditional fertilizer),fertilization modes(application once as base fertilizer,application twice as base and topdressing fertilizer,respectively)and fertilization rates(high and low amount).The results showed that the salinity of 0-20 cm soil depth was reduced to less than 2.0 g/kg during the sowing seasons in spring as a result of irrigating saline water,which ensured germination and emergence of cotton seeds.In terms of fertilizer type,the first choice for planting cotton was the loss-control fertilizer that containing N-PK and attapulgite in the severe saline-alkali area,and applied once as base fertilizer.Whether the traditional fertilizer mix was used,the potassium sulfate fertilizer was necessary besides urea and superphosphate,and all fertilizers should be applied once as base fertilizer before sowing.Given equal amount of nitrogen,urea applications once as base fertilizer had a significant increase in cotton yield,compared with twice application as base and topdressing fertilizer.Moreover,the latter could result in risks of soil inorganic-N accumulation and saline content increase after harvest.Excessive fertilizer application inhibited cotton seedling and plant growth during the early growing stage,and then influenced cotton yield at last.So the fertilization strategies for cotton planted in coastal severe saline-alkali area in North China were as follows:during the winter freezing period before sowing,local underground salt water was extracted for irrigation,and the irrigation amount was 100-180 mm;the reasonable amount of fertilizer applied once before sowing in spring was 169 kg/hm^2 N,65 kg/hm^2 P2O5,and 78 kg/hm^2 K2O;and the fertilizer dosage

关 键 词：凹凸棒土 控失肥 棉花 咸水灌溉 重盐碱地 

分 类 号：S147.2[农业科学—肥料学] Q945.78[农业科学—农业基础科学]