非洲政治民主化历程和实践反思——兼论非洲民主政治实践与西方民主化理论的反差  

Rethinking on the Process and Practice of African Political Democratization--Also on the Contrast between the Practice of African Democracy and the Theory of Western Democratization

作　　者：张宏明[1] Zhang Hongming

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所(中国非洲研究院),北京100101

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2020年第6期3-52,共50页West Asia and Africa

摘　　要：民主化并非是非洲国家政治发展的自然过程,而是在外部环境变化和内部条件不充分的背景下启动的。这也是导致许多非洲国家民主转型失范的重要原因,突出体现在原有的威权政体并未真正解体或消除,只是受到程度不同的削弱。民主开启的特殊性及民主转型的失范,使得多数非洲国家的民主巩固仍滞留在民主政治的制度建设层面,而民主文化的培育则依然任重道远。非洲国家的民主巩固不能仅凭选举周期的届数或政权更迭的频率来判定,而应取决于蕴涵其中的民主价值含量。较之民主的形式,民主的质量更为重要。非洲的经验表明,民主化可以从不同的基础起步,但条件的充分与否则关系到民主化推进的速率、民主政治的质量以及民主制度的形态和效能。这也是转型后的非洲国家民主政体为何多系介乎于民主与威权之间的“混合政体”的缘由所在。非洲的经验还表明,“结构因素”和“过程因素”始终伴随着各国民主化进程,但随着民主化进程的深化,较之“政治行为人”的能动作用,社会经济条件的支撑作用正日益凸显。非洲国家的民主政治并未完全照搬照抄外部经验特别是复制西方模式,而是将民主政治的基本原理与非洲实际相结合的产物。非洲国家现实的民主政治总体上是与其社会经济发展水平相适应的,从这个意义上说,“混合政体”或将成为一种“常态化”的政体类型,且会在非洲存续很长时间。非洲国家的民主政治实践与西方民主化理论之间存在着明显的反差,但这也正是非洲民主化研究的意义所在。Democratization,which is not a natural outcome of political development in African countries,is initiated upon the basis of external changes and insufficient internal conditions.This has led to the anomie of democratic transformation in most African countries,which is prominently reflected in the weakening of different degrees of original authoritarian regimes instead of their successful disintegration and elimination.While the particular initiation and the transformation anomie of democracy make democratic consolidation in most African countries still staggering over the building of democratic systems,the cultivation of democratic culture remain far off.The true value contained in various political activities,instead of only the number of election cycles or the frequency of regime change,should be adopted as the primary references to judge the consolidation of African democracy.The Predominant attention should be given to the quality rather than the form of democracy.The African experience shows that democratization can start from different foundations.Whether a country has enough preparatory preconditions will directly determine the rate of democratization,the quality of democratic politics,and the form and effectiveness of democratic institutions.This also accounts for the emergence of“hybrid polities”which is mixed with characteristic of democracy and authoritarianism after political transformation.African experience also suggests that“structural factors”and“process factors”have always been companies of the democratization.However,as the democratization deepens,the supporting role of social and economic factors is becoming more evident than that of“political actors”.The democratic politics of African countries does not completely copy the external experience,in particularly the Western model.It is the product combining the fundamentals of democratic politics with African practice.The ongoing political development of African countries is generally compatible with their social and economic devel

关 键 词：非洲政治 民主开启 民主转型 民主巩固 民主质量 

分 类 号：D082[政治法律—政治学] D74