中国公安预审制度改革:论争、反思与构想  

Reform of China’s Police Preliminary Examination System:Debate,Reflection and Conception

作　　者：彭玉伟[1] PENG Yuwei

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学侦查学院,北京100038

出　　处：《公安学研究》2020年第5期1-21,123,共22页Journal of Public Security Science

基　　金：中国人民公安大学2020年基本科研业务费重点项目“中国公安预审制度改革研究”(2020JKF210)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：公安预审是中国刑事诉讼领域一项独具特色的制度设计,亦是各方聚讼不已、论争不断的热点议题,形成了公安预审论、检察预审论、法院预审论、公检结合预审论、检法结合预审论、检法择一预审论等诸多不同的改革路径。公安预审在中国有其存在的历史基础、法律依据、实践需求和制度优势,契合中国国情和司法实际,具有适应性和生命力。针对公安预审实践中存在的模式不一、功能乱象、质效不高等问题,应对公安预审制度改革进行全面反思,科学建构公安预审的功能体系,区分公安预审保障侦查质量的本质功能和监督侦查、引导侦查、补充侦查三大具体功能,并明确公安预审功能体系的逻辑架构。在此基础上,因应"以审判为中心"的诉讼制度改革,实现从侦查主导型预审向审查主导型预审的功能转型,将经过合理化改造的单设预审模式作为中国公安预审制度改革的优化选择。As a hot topic with endless disputes,police preliminary examination is a unique system design in the field of criminal procedure in China. Different reform paths have been proposed,such as police preliminary examination theory,procuratorate preliminary examination theory,court preliminary examination theory,integrated theory of police—procuratorate preliminary examination,integrated theory of procuratorate—court preliminary examination,theory of procuratorate-preferred or court-preferred preliminary examination. Police preliminary examination is in line with China’s national conditions and judicial practice,and shows its adaptability and vitality with its historical basis,legal basis,practical needs and institutional advantages. Since there are problems in police preliminary examination,such as different modes,dysfunctions and low quality and efficiency,we should comprehensively reflect on the reform of police preliminary examination system,scientifically construct the functional system of police preliminary examination,distinguish the core function of ensuring the investigation quality and the specific functions of supervising investigation,guiding investigation and supplementary investigation,and clarify its logical structure. On this basis,in response to the "trial centered"litigation system reform,we should realize the functional transformation from "investigation oriented"preliminary examination to "review oriented"preliminary examination,and take the mode of rationally-transformed separate preliminary examination as an optimal choice of China’s police preliminary examination system reform.

关 键 词：公安预审制度 预审改革论争 预审功能定位 审查主导型预审 单设预审模式 

分 类 号：D631.7[政治法律—政治学]