植物转座子类型及其插入突变对园艺植物花发育影响的研究进展  

Plant Transposable Elements and the Effects of Insertion Mutations on Flower Development in Horticultural Plants

作　　者：相元萍[1] 王一丹 贺洪军 徐启江[2,3] XIANG Yuanping;WANG Yidan;HE Hongjun;XU Qijiang(College of Horticulture,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao,Shandong 266109,China;College of Life Sciences,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China;Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Dezhou,Shandong 253015,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛农业大学园艺学院,山东青岛266109 [2]东北林业大学生命科学学院,哈尔滨150040 [3]德州市农业科学研究院,山东德州253015

出　　处：《园艺学报》2020年第11期2247-2266,共20页Acta Horticulturae Sinica

基　　金：山东省现代农业(蔬菜)产业技术体系项目(SDAIT-04-03);山东省良种工程项目(662-2316109);黑龙江省科学基金项目(C2018002);东北林业大学大学生创新创业项目(201810225340)。

摘　　要：转座子是一类广泛存在于原核生物和真核生物基因组内重复可移动的遗传元件,根据其结构和转座机制分为反转录转座子和DNA转座子。反转录转座子以m RNA分子为中间体、反转录为cDNA后再整合到基因组,其转座模式是"复制—粘贴"。DNA转座子以DNA为中间体,其转座模式是"剪切—粘贴"。两类转座子都包含有自主和非自主转座元件。作为基因组的主要构成元件,植物转座子在基因组和基因进化、结构重排、表达调控等方面发挥关键作用,进而改变植物的基因型和表现型。综述了近年来有关植物转座子结构特征、转座机制以及功能等方面的研究进展,特别是转座子插入突变改变基因活性而控制园艺植物花发育的研究进展,并对今后研究前景进行了展望,旨在为深入了解植物转座子园艺学功能提供参考。Transposable elements(TEs)are repetitive mobile genetic elements that are ubiquitous in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and have the ability to change their positions within a genome.TEs are categorized into two classes:retrotransposons and DNA transposons based on their structure and manner of transposition.Retrotransposons transpose via an m RNA intermediate that is reversely-transcribed into cDNA,which is then integrated in the genome by a copy-and-paste model.DNA transposons transpose via a DNA intermediate that is excised and reinserted into new genomic locations by a cut-and-paste model.Both classes contain autonomous and nonautonomous elements.As a major component of plant genomes,plant TEs play a critical role in the evolution,structural rearrangement,and expression regulation of genes and the phenotypes of plants.This paper reviewed the recent progress on the structural characteristics,transposition mechanism,and functions of plant TEs,with a particular focus on the insertion mutation of TEs,their regulation of gene expression and floral development in horticultural plants.The prospects and directions of future research were discussed for the horticultural applications of plant TEs.

关 键 词：转座子 转座机制 园艺植物 花发育 

分 类 号：S633.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S633.4[农业科学—园艺学]