吐鲁番吐峪沟石窟寺园艺类植物遗存研究  

Study on the Remains of Horticultural Plants in Tuyoq Grottoes of Turpan

作　　者：王龙 荆磊 张贵林 蒋洪恩 Wang Long;Jing Lei;Zhang Guilin;Jiang Hong’en

机构地区：[1]吐鲁番学研究院 [2]中国科学院大学人文学院考古学与人类学系 [3]天津大学地球系统科学学院

出　　处：《农业考古》2020年第6期15-26,共12页Agricultural Archaeology

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(项目编号:EE48931X2);国家自然科学基金“新疆吐-哈盆地4000 a BP以来绿洲农业演替及其环境适应研究”(项目编号:41907369);“汉唐期间丝路先民的农业活动与环境适应——以新疆地区为例”(项目编号:41672171)。

摘　　要：规模宏大的吐峪沟石窟寺遗址群,是丝绸之路上西域与河西地区、内地佛教艺术交流的实证。伴随近年来的考古发掘和系统清理工作,洞窟形制、组合、壁画题材等与佛教石窟寺建筑和艺术相关的内容逐渐清晰。但是目前对晋唐时期石窟寺内先民物质文化生活的探索还较少,尤其是与先民生存密切相关的植物资源。本文重点关注该遗址中发现的果实与蔬菜类园艺植物。植物遗存鉴定结果表明,共有11种果蔬植物出土。其中的8种水果类分别为苹果属(Malus sp.)、新疆梨(似)(Pyrus cf.sinkiangensis)、杏(Armeniaca vulgaris)、桃(Amygdalus persica)、枣(Ziziphus jujuba)、沙枣(Elaeagnus sp.)、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)、哈密瓜(Cucumis melo);核桃(Juglans regia);葫芦(Lagenaria siceraria)和瓠子(Lagenaria siceraria var.hispida)。当地先民可能栽培以上果蔬植物,并采集其果实作为食物。对于枣和葫芦,先民进一步加工利用其副产品,如将多个枣核钻孔,连成串珠;或将木质化葫芦果皮作为书写材料或制成圆形象棋棋子。多种果蔬植物出现及其多样化利用方式,表明高昌先民已经熟悉园艺业种植和认识不同植物种类的利用价值。这些信息对了解丝绸之路开通背景下果蔬类植物的来源以及在吐鲁番地区的汇集,探讨园艺作物在先民经济社会生活中的作用,追溯吐鲁番地区园艺业发展历史和形成过程等,具有重要参考价值。The large-scale site of Tuyoq Grottoes is an example of Buddhist exchange between Western Regions,Hexi Region and the inner parts of China on the Silk Road.With archaeological excavations and systematic sorting in recent years,grottoes shapes,combinations,mural themes and other contents related to the architecture and art of Buddhist grottoes have been gradually revealed.However,at present,there are few explorations on the material and cultural life of ancestors in grottoes in Jin and Tang dynasties,especially the plant resources closely related to the survival of ancestors.This paper focuses on the fruits and vegetables found in this site.The results show that 11 species in total are involved,including eight species of fruits,such as Malus sp.,Pyrus sp.,Armeniaca vulgaris,Amygdalus persica,Ziziphus jujuba,Elaeagnus sp.,Vitis vinifera and Cucumis melo;one species of nut,like Juglans regia;two vegetables Lagenaria siceraria and Lagenaria siceraria var.hispida.Local ancestors might cultivate the above fruits and vegetables and collect their fruits as food.For jujubes and gourds,ancestors processed and utilized their by-products,such as drilling multiple jujube cores and connecting them into beads;or used lignified gourd peel as writing material or made it into round chess pieces.The diversity of fruits and vegetables and their utilization methods show that Gaochang ancestors were familiar with gardening planting and utilization value of different plant species.This information has important reference value for understanding the sources of fruits and vegetables in Turpan under the background of the Silk Road,exploring the role of horticultural crops in the social and economic life of ancestors,and tracing the development history and formation process of horticultural industry in Turpan.

关 键 词：吐鲁番 吐峪沟石窟寺 晋唐时期 果蔬植物 园艺业 

分 类 号：K871.42[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]